reproduction 2 - women Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
what hormone starts the follicles to grow each month
A
FSH
2
Q
what hormones do growing follicles secrete
A
E
3
Q
what is menarch
A
the onset of puberty
4
Q
what is menstruation
A
the female reproduction system cycles
5
Q
what is menopause
A
females losing ability to reproduce
6
Q
what are the ovaries
A
site of ova maturation
7
Q
what consists of the ovaries
A
connective tissue with follicles
8
Q
are the ovaries connected to the fallopian tubes
A
no
9
Q
are the ovaries part of the reproductive tract
A
no, they are not connected to the fallopian tubes
10
Q
what is the role of the fallopian tubes
A
transport ova from ovaries to uterus
11
Q
what is the role of the infundibulum and fimbriae
A
pick up the released ovum
12
Q
how do ovum move through the uterine tube
A
initially peristaltic contractions, then through cilia
13
Q
how long does it take for the ova to get to the uterus
A
4 days
14
Q
where is the site of fertilization
A
in the uterine tube
15
Q
what is the perimetrium
A
the outer layer of the uterus
16
Q
what is the perimetrium composed of
A
epithelial cells and connective tissue
17
Q
what is the myometrium
A
middle layer of the uterus
18
Q
what is the myometrium composed of
A
smooth layer
19
Q
what is the endometrium
A
inner layer of the uterus
20
Q
what is the myometrium composed of
A
layer of epitheliail cells, connective tissue, glands
21
Q
which layer is the thickest
A
the myometrium
22
Q
which layer secretes secretions
A
endometrium
23
Q
which layer changes every cycle
A
endometrium
24
Q
which layer is under endocrine and pituitary axis control
A
endometrium
25
what composes the birth canal
cervix+vagina
26
what is the technical name for the female gamete
oocyte
27
what is oogenesis
the production or development of an ovum.
28
when does oogensis occur
in fetal life, stops at 7months of gestational period
29
what is folliculogenesis
the maturation of an ovarian follicle
30
what is a corpus luteum
a hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been discharged but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun
31
what is a graafian follicle
a fluid-filled structure in the mammalian ovary within which an ovum develops before ovulation (mature)
32
which days (numbers) is the follicular phase
day 1 to 14
33
which days (numbers) is the luteal phase
day 14-28
34
is the luteal or follicular the constant phase?
the luteal phase
| the follicular phase is the one that can vary
35
which days (numbers) is the menstrual phase
1-5
36
which days (numbers) is the proliferative phase
day 5-14
37
which days (numbers) is the secretory phase
day 14-28
38
which days (numbers) is the estrogenic phase
day 1-14
39
which days (numbers) is the progestational phase
day 14-28
40
what happens in the proliferative phase
endometrium is growing
41
what happens in the secretory phase (what is secreted)
secretes glycogen
42
what does the corpus luteum secrete
progesterone
43
what do the follicles secrete
estrogen
44
what does each follicle contain
1 oocyte (primary stage)
45
what is a primordial follicle and what is it composed of
the most immature stage
| single layer of specialized epithelial cells
46
what happens to the primordial follicle
the single follicle divides to become more than one layer - GRANULOSA CELLS
47
what are granulosa cells
surround the oocyte and multiply
48
what is in the primordial follicle
oocyte surrounded by 1 layer of granulosa cells
49
what is in the primary follicle
fully grown oocyte, zona pellucida and 1 layer of granulosa cells
50
what is in the preantral follicle
fully grown oocyte, zona pellucida, layers of granulosa cells and one external layer of early theca
51
what is in the early antral follicle
fully grown oocyte, zona pellucida, layers of granulosa cells, theca and antrum
52
what is in the mature follicle
large antrum with the oocyte, zona pellucida, thick granulosa and theca
53
who releases the antral fluid
the granulosa cells
54
what are the 5 stages in follicle growth
primordial, primary, preantral, early antral, and mature follicle
55
how many early antral follicles are selected each cycle for maturation
10-25
56
what does the bridge do in the mature follicle
connects the oocyte and granulosa cells
57
what kind of follicles do you have up until the 7th month of pregnancy
primordial follicles
58
what kind of follicles do you from the 7th month of pregnancy until puberty
mostly primary and preantral follicles
59
what does the corpus luteum do in pregnancy
maintain it
60
what triggers loss of corpus luteum functions
absense of implanted embryo
61
what is a graafian follicle
a mature follicle
62
what is the name of the follicle once it leaves its oocyte
corpus luteu,
63
what is the corpus albicans
degenerating corpus luteum
64
what does FSH do to granulosa cells
causes the mitotic effects
65
which hormone causes the mitotic effects of granulosa cells
FSH
66
what does aromastase do
turns androgens into estreogen
67
what does FSH dot o aromastase
increases its synthesis and activity in granulosa cells
68
which follicular cells cells have LH receptors
Theca cells
69
what does LH do to fecal cells
stimulates them to secrete androgens
70
where do androgens get converted into estrogen
in granulosa cells
71
which follicular cells cells have FSH receptors
granulosa cells
72
what causes the dominant follicle to be chosen
the estrogen secretion rise
73
where is the zona pellucida
between the granulosa cells and the oocyte
74
which days is the early to mid follicular phase
day 1-7
75
which types of follicles in early to mid follicular phase
primary or preantral phase
76
which cells have progesterone receptors
uterine endometrial cells
77
where does estrogen go after it is made in the granulosa cells
to the blood or antrum
78
what receptor gets added onto the granulosa cell in the late follicular phase
LH receptors
79
what happens to FSH levels in late follicular phase and why (2)
decline due to negative feedback
| AND inhibin is secreted from granulosa cells
80
which days is the late follicular stage
7-14
81
what kind of feedback does progesterone do and where
negative to ant. pit, and hypothalamus
82
what kind of feedback does estrogen do and where
negative and positive to ant. pit, and hypothalamus
83
what is the pulse generator frequency for females
change over 24h in over the course of the menstrual cycle
84
when does mitosis start in females
in the first 2 months of embryonic life
85
when does meiosis 1 start in females
in fetal life until 7 months of fetal life
86
when is the 1st meiotic division completed in the dominant follicle
just prior to ovulation
87
when is meiosis 2 completed
after fertilization
88
what happens to the 2 oogonia when it splits in mitosis
one continues (arrest until puberty) and one dies off
89
what happens to polar bodies in meiosis
they generate
90
what is the main difference with oogenesis and spermatogenesis
o: 1 egg made
s: 4 sperm made
91
what kind of oocytes are they all at birth
primary ooctyes (primary and secondary follicles)
92
what is the role of ovarian hormones in female sexual differentiation before birth
not required
93
what is the role of ovarian hormones in female sexual differentiation after birth
sexual maturation at puberty and 2ary sexual characteristics
94
what kind of feedback does inhibin do and to where
negative feedback on FSH
95
what makes up the follicular phase
menstrual and proliferative phase
96
which phase aligns/happen at the same time as the follicular phase
estrogenic, menstrual and proliferative
97
which phase aligns/happen at the same time as the luteal phase
progestation and secretory phase
98
what are the phases in the ovarian cycle + dates
follicular and luteal
| 1-14-27
99
what are the phases in the uterine cycle + dates
menstrual, proliferative phase, secretory
| 1-5-14-28
100
what are the phases in the hormonal cycle + dates
estreogen, progestation
| 1-14-28
101
which day does one follicle become dominant
7
102
when does LH surge
12-18hr before ovulation
103
what is atresia
death (of other follicles)
104
what produces the first peak in estrogen
dominant follicle
105
what causes a slight rise in progesterone right before ovulation
negative inhibition on LH and FSH
106
what causes the switch from negative to positive feedback of estrogen
high levels of estrogen for 36hours
107
what causes the plateau of LH and FSH in the follicular phase
negative feedback by estrogen
108
what causes a dip in FSH before its peak before ovulation
inhibin
109
what main hormone is required for ovulation
LH
110
what causes the high peak of LH and FSH right before ovulation
such a high level of estrogen causes this (+ feedback)
111
why is LH much higher peak than FSH
FSH affected by inhibin
112
what causes the rise in estrogen before
follicular growth
113
why is less FSH and LH made when estrogen rises
-ve feedback
because we dont need as much LH and FSH (it was needed to help develop the follicles but now estrogen is being made, so they are developping)
114
what is the role of inhibin
inhibit FSH
115
what is the point of the luteul phase
develop corpus luteum
116
what are the products of the corpus luteum and which is made more in the luteal phase
progesterone and estrogen, more progesterone
117
what causes estrogen and progesterone to decrease at the end of the leteal phase
corpus luteum degeneration
118
what causes FSH and LH to decrease initially in the luteal phase
due to negative feedback from estrogen and progesterone
119
what causes FSH and LH to increase later in the luteal phase
when estrogen and progesterone drop
120
what causes the negative initial feedback of LH and FSH in the follicular phase
low plasma levels of estrogen
121
how many days between the two estrogen peaks in luteul phase
10 days
122
besides inhibin, what else causes a decrease in FSH before ovulation
atresia of other follicles
123
which follicle becomes the dominant one? how does the body choose? does size matter?
size doesnt matter, its just the follicle that becomes the most receptive to FSH that produces a high amount of estrogen
124
what is the hormonal trigger of the menstrual phase
decreased estrogens and progesterone
125
what causes the decreased estrogens and progesterone of the menstrual phase
corpus luteum degeneration
126
what hormone dominantly controls the proliferative phase
estrogen
127
what happens in the uterus and blood flow to tissue in the menstrual phase
shed uterine lining
| decrease blood flow to tissues, they die
128
what happens in the uterus in the proliferative phase
endometrial lining grows, endometrial glands enlarge, smooth muscle thickens
129
what is the point of the proliferative phase
uterus prepares for fertilized egg
130
what type of mucous is secreted in the proliferative phase
thin and slightly acidic mucous
131
which hormone stimulates the development of the uterine lining
estrogen
132
which days are the proliferative phase
5-14
133
what happens to the myometrium in the proliferative phase
it thickens a bit too
134
what is the role of the secretory phase
endometrium is prepared for implantation
135
what type of mucous is secreted in the secretory phase
why
sticky to form a plug
to prevent more sperm from entering (if already pregnant, dont need more)
136
what happens to blood flow and glands in the secretory phase
increase blood flow and the glands enlarge
137
what do the glands release in the secretory phase
glycogen rich fluids
138
what is the main hormone in the secretory phase
progesterone (and estrogen too but less_
139
when does the secretory phase happen
following ovulation
140
what does estrogen and progesterone do to body temperature
increase
141
what does estrogen do to follicular growth
increase
142
what does estrogen do to E P FSH and LH receptors
increase
143
what does progesterone do to E receptors
decrease
144
what does progesterone do to FSH induces E production
decrease
145
what does estrogen do to fallopian tube growth, contractility, cilia action and secretions
increase
146
what does progesterone do to fallopian tube contractility, cilia number and secretions
decrease
147
what does estrogen do to endometrium and myometrium growth and blood flow
increase
148
what does estrogen do to contractility of uterus
increase
149
what does estrogen do to sensitivity to oxytocin of uterus
increase
150
what does progesterone do to sensitivity to oxytocin of uterus
decrease
151
what does progesterone do to contractility of uterus
decrease
152
what does progesterone do to endometrial secretions
increase
153
what kind of hormone makes sperm friendly mucus
estrogen
154
what kind of hormone makes sperm unfriendly mucus
progesterone
155
what is sperm friendly mucus like
abundant watery and alkaline
156
what is sperm unfriendly mucus like
not much, viscous
157
what is cornification of epitheliam
keritinization of epithelial cells making it more rough
158
what does estrogen do to the vagina
proliferation and cornification of epithelium
159
what does progesterone do to the vagina
decreased cornification, WBC infiltration
160
what 3 things does estrogen do to breats
more duct growth, fat deposiztion, bigger size and pigmentation of areol
161
what does progesterone do to breasts
increase alveolar growth
162
which female cell is similar to the male sertoli cells
granulosa cells
163
which female cell is similar to the male leydig cells
thecal cells
164
which hormone causes the growth of new follicles each month
FSH
165
what do growing follicles secrete
estrogen
166
what causes FSH levels to fall
negative feedback from estrogen and inhibin
167
what causes the surge of LH
positive feedback of LH
168
what causes P and E levels to fall after ovulation (after their peak)
corpus luteum dying
169
what causes P and E levels to rise right after ovulation
corpus luteum secretes it
170
what causes LH and FSH levels to fall right after ovulation
negative feedback from P and E levels rising
171
which hormone maintains the corpus luteum if pregnant
hCG
172
what levels of hormone dont fall if pregnant
E and P
