endocrine - 2 hypothalamus and pituitary Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
what is the infudibulum
A
pituitary stalk
2
Q
what is the adnenohypophysis
A
anterior pituitary
3
Q
what is the neurohypophysis
A
posterioir pituiitary
4
Q
what is the median eminence
A
part of the hypothalamus from which regulatory hormones are released, connect to the posterior pituitary
5
Q
where do neurohormones have their affects
A
cells in the anterior pituitary
6
Q
what is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
A
connects primary and secondary plexus
7
Q
where does arterial blood ender
A
in the median eminence
8
Q
where does blood go after entering the median eminence
A
into the primary plexus
9
Q
where does blood go after entering the primary plexus
A
hypothalamic portal vessel
10
Q
where does blood go after entering the hypothalamic portal vessel
A
secondary plexus
11
Q
where is the primary plexus found
A
infundibulum / pituitary stalk
12
Q
where is the secondary plexus found
A
anterior pituitary
13
Q
where is ADH/vasopressin made and secreted
A
made in supraoptic nucleus (in the hypothalamus)
secreted from the posterior pituitary
14
Q
are there endocrine cells in the posterior pituitary
A
no
15
Q
where is oxytocin secreted
A
neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular nucleus
16
Q
what are long neurosecretary cells
A
really long axons that originate in the hypothalamus and go all the way down to the posterior pituitary
17
Q
what are the axons like starting in the hypothalamus and going to the anterior pituitary
A
short axon, neurohormone goes through blood(released in hypothalamus still into a vessel in hypothalamus), hits endocrine cells, then the endocrine cells release hormones to the target
18
Q
what are the axons like starting in the hypothalamus and going to the posterior pituitary
A
much longer axons that release neurohormones directly into bloodstream to target (axon ends in the posterior pituitary)
19
Q
where is FSH released from
A
anterior pituitary
20
Q
where is Lh released from
A
anterior pituitary
21
Q
where is ACTH released from
A
anterior pituitary
22
Q
where is TSH released from
A
anterior pituitary
23
Q
where is PRL released from
A
anterior pituitary
24
Q
where is GH released from
A
anterior pituitary
25
what is PRL
prolactin
26
what is ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
27
what is the main target of FSH
ovaries and testes
28
what is the main target of LH
ovaries and testes
29
what is the main target of ACTH
adrenal cortex
30
what is the main target of TSH
thyroid gland
31
what is the main target of PRL
mammary gland
32
what is the main target of GH
most tissues, like bone
33
what family of hormone is FSH
protein
34
what family of hormone is LH
protein
35
what family of hormone is ACTH
protein
36
what family of hormone is TSH
protein
37
what family of hormone is PRL
protein
38
what family of hormone is GH
protein
39
which two of the anterior pituitary gland hormones are released by the same cell type
FSH and LH
40
what are the 6 anterior pituitary gland hormones
FSH LH ACTH TSH PRL GH
| FLATPG
41
which hormones are the gonadotropins
FSH and LH
42
what are the 6 releasing hormones of the hypothalamus
GnRH CRH TRH GHRH GHIG/SS PIH (DA)
43
where is GnRH released from
hypothalamus
44
where is CRH released from
hypothalamus
45
where is TRH released from
hypothalamus
46
where is GHRH released from
hypothalamus
47
where is GHIH/SS released from
hypothalamus
48
where is PID/DA released from
hypothalamus
49
what is GnRH
gonadotropin releasing hormone
50
what is CRH
corticotropin releasing hormone
51
what is TRH
thyrotropin releasing hormone
52
what is GHRH
growth hormone releasing hormone
53
what is SS
somatostatin
54
what is PIH
prolactin inhibiting hormone (DA)
55
what is the role of GnRH
increases LH and FSH secretion
56
what is the role of CRH
increases ACTH secretion
57
what is the role of TRH
increases TSH secretion
58
what is the role of GHRH
increases GH secretion
59
what is the role of GHIH
decreases GH secretion
60
what is the role of SS
decreases GH secretion
61
what is the role of PHIH/ DA
decreases PRL
62
what family of hormone is GnRH
peptide
63
what family of hormone is CRH
peptide
64
what family of hormone is TRH
peptide
65
what family of hormone is GHRH
peptide
66
what family of hormone is GHIH
peptide
67
what family of hormone is SS
peptide
68
what family of hormone is PIH/DA
catecholamine (type of monoamine)
69
what is the long loop feedback system of the hypothalamus pituitary target gland axis
target gland hormones give feedback to the level of the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
70
what is the short loop feedback system of the hypothalamus pituitary target gland axis
hormones from the anterior pituitary giving feedback to the hypothalamus
71
which is the most abundant anterior pituitary hormone
GH
72
what is the most of action of GH
acts on cell surface receptors and is associated with protein kinase activity (tyrosine kinase docking activity)
73
when is GH secreted in the lifetime
always but AFTER birth (not in fetal stage)
| most at sleep
74
what is the secretion patten of GH
pulsatile, goes in "spurts"
75
what does GH do to growth
increase
76
where does most of the bone growth occur
epiphyseal growth plate
77
what causes the growth plate to solidify
estrogen and testosterone as we get older
78
how does GH affect bone
it works on the epiphyseal growth plate
79
does GH work in vitro
| why
no (out of body)
| because other hormones also play a role in growth
80
does GH work in vivo
yes (in body)
| because other hormones also play a role in growth
81
what are fibroblasts
progenitor cells
82
what are chondrocytes
cartilage cells
83
what is differentiation in bone growth
progenitor cells (fibroblasts) becoming cartilage cells (chondrocytes)
84
what is proliferation in bone growth
cartilage cells (chondrocytes) making more cartilage cells
85
what is ossification in bone growth
cartilage cells depositing calcium and phosphates to make new bone
less soft more hard
86
what does IGF1 do in bone growth
it works like a growth factor, causes a lot of cell proliferation
87
where and how does growth happen in bone
proliferation of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plates
88
what are the types of hormonal effects by IGF1 from chondrocytes
paracrine and autocrine
89
besides chondrocytes, where else can IGF1 be released
| how does it act then
by the liver, it acts like a typical hormone (not as much like the paracrine and autocrine from chondrocyte release)
90
what is the direct action of GH in bone growth
work on target tissues, help with differentiation
91
what is the indirect action of GH in bone growth
causes the release of IGF1 to also help with bone growth
92
what does GH do to protein synthesis and growth
increase
93
what does GH do to lipolysis and why
increase so there are free fatty acids for energy
94
what does GH do to glucose uptake in cells and why
decreases it, it does not like having glucose in muscle, it wants free glucose do there can be growth
95
what does insulin do to glucose uptake in cells and why
increases it, wants to lower blood glucose
96
what does GH do to gluconeogenesis
increase
97
what is gluconeogenesis and where does it occur
making new glucose in liver
98
how does GH cause a hypoerglycemia/ diabetogenic like state
increases glucose in blood
99
what does GH do to amino acid uptake into cell
increase
100
what does GH do to protein synthesis
increase
101
what does GH do to cell growth
increase cell size
102
what does GH do to connective tissues
increases the number of cells in connective tissues
103
what is hyperplasia
increasing the number of cells in connective tissues (GH does this)
104
what does GHRH do to growth hormone secretion
increase
105
what does somatostatin do to growth hormone secretion
decrease
106
what does GH do to growth hormone secretion
decrease
107
what does IGF1 do to growth hormone secretion
decrease
108
what does hypoglycemia do to growth hormone secretion
increase
109
what does increase in amino acids in blood do to growth hormone secretion
increase
110
what does deep sleep do to growth hormone secretion
increase
111
what does acute stress do to growth hormone secretion
increase
112
what does exercise do to growth hormone secretion
increase
113
what does hyperglycemia do to growth hormone secretion
decrease
114
what does an increase in fatty acids do to growth hormone secretion
decrease
115
what does prolonged malnutrition do to growth hormone secretion
decrease
116
what does chronic stress do to growth hormone secretion
decrease
117
what does GH do to IGF 1 secretion
increase
118
what does GH do to SS secretion
increase
119
what does IGF1 do to SS secretion
increase
120
what does SS secretion do to GH secretion
decrease
121
what does IGF1 do to GHRH secretion
decrease
122
what does GH do to SS production
increase
123
what does SS do to GH
decrease
124
what causes gigantism
too much growth hormone in children
125
what kind of growth happens in gigantism
linear/ proportionate growth
126
what causes acromegaly
too much growth hormone in adults
127
what kind of growth happens in acromegaly
thickening of bone, large hands and feet, jaw, coarse features
not growing in height
128
what does too much GH do to metabolism in those diseases
associated with things like hyperglycermia
129
what is dwarfism caused by
too little GHRH, GH or receptors
130
what is Larons dwarfism
when the cells dont respond to GH
131
what are the two hormones of the posterior pituitary gland
ADH/vasopressin and oxytocin
132
where is ADH made
supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
133
where is oxytocin made
paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
134
what are the targets of ADH
kidney and blood vessels
135
what are the targets of oxytocin
uterus and mammary glands
136
what kind of hormone is ADH
peptide
137
what kind of hormone is oxytocin
peptide
138
what is the main role of ADH
puts in more AQP2 in the collecting duct
139
what type of receptors notice an increase in osmolarity
osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
140
what type of receptors notice an decrease in blood pressure
baroreceptors in cardiovascular system
141
what happens with too much ADH
increase water retention and blood volume
142
what is syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion SIADH
increase water retention and blood volume cause by too much ADH
143
what is central diabetes insipidus and the symptoms
lack of ADH causing large volume of dilute urine
144
what is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and the symptoms
abnormal ADH receptors in collecting duct cells, do not respond to ADH, large volume of dilute urine
145
what are the 2 effects of oxytocin
parturition and lactation
