2. Muscular System Chp. 9 (exam 1)

Question 0

Covering of a bone

Answer 0

Fascia is a dense fibrous ct that surrounds and separate one muscle from another

Question 1

Muscle diagram

Answer 1

Muscle-> fascicles-> muscle fiber-> myofibril-> myofilaments

Question 2

Aponeurosis

Answer 2

Extends to another muscle as this or as a tendon

Question 3

Epimysium

Answer 3

Surrounds skeletal muscle

Question 4

Perimysium

Answer 4

Surrounds bundles (fascicles) of muscle

Question 5

Endomysium

Answer 5

Surrounds each muscle fiber

Question 6

Muscle fiber

Answer 6

Single cell that contracts with stimulus and then relaxes. It may extend the full length of the muscle

Question 7

Actin

Answer 7

Is thin

Question 8

Myosin

Answer 8

Thick

Question 9

Sarcoplasm reticulum

Answer 9

Surrounds each myofibril, stores calcium ions and transports

Question 10

Transverse tubules

Answer 10

Membranous channels, open to the surface allowing the electrical impulse to reach the sarcoplasm reticulum

Question 11

C + T2 =

Answer 11

Triad

Question 12

Neuromuscular junction

Answer 12

The connection between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber with a specially modified membrane containing increased nuclei and mitochondria

Question 13

Synaptic cleft

Answer 13

Space between the motor neuron and muscle membrane

Question 14

Motor unit

Answer 14

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls

Question 15

Neurotransmitter

Answer 15

Chemical messenger released by a neuron

Question 16

Stimulus for contraction

Answer 16

The neurotransmitter for motor neurons is AcH. Synthesized in the cytoplasm and stored in vesicles. It is released as a result of nerve impulse reaching the end of the axon. Once released it’s diffused across the cleft attaching to receptors and stimulating a muscle impulse.

Question 17

Excitation contraction coupling

Answer 17

The sr has high levels of ca ions due to pumps. The impulse increases the permeability of the cisternae causing calcium to flood the sarcoplasm specifically binding to the troponin

Question 18

Energy source

Answer 18

The existing muscle ATP is quickly depleted

Question 19

Oxygen debt

Answer 19

Equals the amount of oxygen that liver cells require to convert accumulated lactic acid into glucose, plus to restore muscle cells to their original concentrations

Question 20

Threshold stimulation

Answer 20

The minimum strength to cause a contraction (twitch)

Question 21

Myogram

Answer 21

Recording of movement of a twitch

Question 22

Summation

Answer 22

When series of stimuli don’t allow complete relaxation, may produce tetanus

Question 23

Tetanus

Answer 23

Sustained muscle cell contraction without any relaxation

Question 24

Recruitment

Answer 24

A motor unit responds as all or none

Question 25

Sustained contraction

Answer 25

When summation, tetanus, and recruitment occur. Excess can produce muscle strain/pull/sprain

Question 26

Atrophy

Answer 26

Decrease in size or strength

Question 27

Hypertrophy

Answer 27

Increase in strength or size of muscle

Question 28

Fiber types

Answer 28

Red fibers White fibers Pink fibers

Question 29

Red fibers

Answer 29

Slow twitch, due to increased myoglobin and mito

Question 30

White fibers

Answer 30

Fast twitch, faster, stronger, faster ATPase

Question 31

Pink fibers or intermediate fibers

Answer 31

Fast twitch fatigue-resistant

Question 32

Myoglobin content

Answer 32

High in red fibers | Low in white muscle fibers

Question 33

Mitochondria

Answer 33

Red fibers has many | White fibers has less

Question 34

Size of fibers

Answer 34

Red fibers are thin | White fibers are thick

Question 35

Twitch

Answer 35

Red fibers are slow and weak | White fine are fast and strong

Question 36

Endurance

Answer 36

Red muscle have long endurance | White fibers have a short endurance

Question 37

Marathoners

Answer 37

Have high levels of red fibers

Question 38

Sprinters

Answer 38

Have high levels of white

Question 39

Joe average

Answer 39

Has intermediate fibers

Question 40

Botulism

Answer 40

Prevents the release of acetylcholine

Question 41

Curare

Answer 41

Binds to AcH receptor sites

Question 42

Venoms

Answer 42

Blocks release or explosive release of AcH

Question 43

Smooth muscle

Answer 43

Long tapering Single nucleus No striations

Question 44

Types of smooth muscles

Answer 44

Multiunit | Visceral

Question 45

Multiunit

Answer 45

Separate fibers | Ex iris, blood vessels

Question 46

Visceral

Answer 46

In sheets | Ex digestive

Question 47

Cardiac muscle

Answer 47

``` Short Branched 3d like Striated Single nucleus Intercalated discs ```