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TOEFL-45 > List-42 > Flashcards

List-42 Flashcards

1
Q

alter

A
  • *vt. 改变，更改
    vi. 改变；修改
    n. (Alter)人名；(英)奥尔特；(德、捷、葡、爱沙、立陶、拉脱、俄、西、罗、瑞典)阿尔特
  • ——————————————**
  1. cause to change; make different; cause a transformation
  2. make or become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one’s or its former characteristics or essence
  3. make an alteration to
  4. insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby
  5. remove the ovaries of
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2
Q

amass

A
  • *vt. 积聚，积累
  • ——————————————**
  1. collect or gather
  2. get or gather together
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3
Q

anthropologist

A
  • *n. 人类学家；人类学者
  • ——————————————**
  1. a social scientist who specializes in anthropology
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4
Q

artesian

A
  • *adj. [水文] 自流的
  • ——————————————**
  1. (of water) rising to the surface under internal hydrostatic pressure
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5
Q

attempt

A
  • *n. 企图，试图；攻击
    vt. 企图，试图；尝试
  • ——————————————**
  1. earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something
  2. the act of attacking
  3. make an effort or attempt
  4. enter upon an activity or enterprise
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6
Q

barely

A
  • *adv. 仅仅，勉强；几乎不；公开地；贫乏地
  • ——————————————**
  1. by a small margin
  2. in a sparse or scanty way
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7
Q

boom

A
  • *vt. 使兴旺；发隆隆声
    vi. 急速发展；发隆隆声
    n. 繁荣；吊杆；隆隆声
    n. (Boom)人名；(法、德)博姆
  • ——————————————**
  1. a deep prolonged loud noise
  2. a state of economic prosperity
  3. a sudden happening that brings good fortune (as a sudden opportunity to make money)
  4. a pole carrying an overhead microphone projected over a film or tv set
  5. any of various more-or-less horizontal spars or poles used to extend the foot of a sail or for handling cargo or in mooring
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8
Q

bureau

A
  • *n. 局，处；衣柜；办公桌
    n. (Bureau)人名；(法)比罗
  • ——————————————**
  1. an administrative unit of government
  2. furniture with drawers for keeping clothes
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9
Q

calculus

A
  • *n. [病理] 结石；微积分学
  • ——————————————**
  1. a hard lump produced by the concretion of mineral salts; found in hollow organs or ducts of the body
  2. an incrustation that forms on the teeth and gums
  3. the branch of mathematics that is concerned with limits and with the differentiation and integration of functions
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10
Q

cognition

A
  • *n. 认识；知识；认识能力
  • ——————————————**
  1. the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning
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11
Q

combine

A
  • *vt. 使化合；使联合，使结合
    vi. 联合，结合；化合
    n. 联合收割机；联合企业
  • ——————————————**
  1. harvester that heads and threshes and cleans grain while moving across the field
  2. a consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service
  3. an occurrence that results in things being united
  4. put or add together
  5. have or possess in combination
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12
Q

concentric

A
  • *adj. 同轴的；同中心的
  • ——————————————**
  1. having a common center
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13
Q

copier

A
  • *n. 复印机（等于copying machine）；抄写员；模仿者
  • ——————————————**
  1. apparatus that makes copies of typed, written or drawn material
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14
Q

cowhand

A
  • *n. （美）牧牛工
  • ——————————————**
  1. a hired hand who tends cattle and performs other duties on horseback
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15
Q

crush

A
  • *vt. 压碎；弄皱，变形；使…挤入
    vi. 挤；被压碎
    n. 粉碎；迷恋；压榨；拥挤的人群
  • ——————————————**
  1. leather that has had its grain pattern accentuated
  2. a dense crowd of people
  3. temporary love of an adolescent
  4. the act of crushing
  5. come down on or keep down by unjust use of one’s authority
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16
Q

dated

A
  • *adj. 陈旧的；过时的；有日期的
    v. 注有日期（date的过去式和过去分词）
  • ——————————————**
  1. marked by features of the immediate and usually discounted past
  2. bearing a date
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17
Q

debatable

A
  • *adj. 成问题的；可争论的；未决定的
  • ——————————————**
  1. open to doubt or debate
  2. open to argument or debate
  3. capable of being disproved
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18
Q

decimal

A
  • *adj. 小数的；十进位的
    n. 小数
  • ——————————————**
  1. a proper fraction whose denominator is a power of 10
  2. a number in the decimal system
  3. numbered or proceeding by tens; based on ten
  4. divided by tens or hundreds
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19
Q

delta

A
  • *n. （河流的）三角洲；德耳塔（希腊字母的第四个字）
    n. (Delta)人名；(英、罗、葡)德尔塔
  • ——————————————**
  1. a low triangular area where a river divides before entering a larger body of water
  2. the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet
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20
Q

demolish

A
  • *vt. 拆除；破坏；毁坏；推翻；驳倒
  • ——————————————**
  1. destroy completely
  2. humiliate or depress completely
  3. defeat soundly
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21
Q

depression

A
  • *n. 沮丧；洼地；不景气；忧愁
  • ——————————————**
  1. a mental state characterized by a pessimistic sense of inadequacy and a despondent lack of activity
  2. a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment
  3. a sunken or depressed geological formation
  4. sad feelings of gloom and inadequacy
  5. a period during the 1930s when there was a worldwide economic depression and mass unemployment
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22
Q

diet

A
  • *n. 饮食；食物；规定饮食
    vi. 节食
    vt. [医] 照规定饮食
    n. (Diet)人名；(法)迪耶
  • ——————————————**
  1. a prescribed selection of foods
  2. a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g., Japan)
  3. the usual food and drink consumed by an organism (person or animal)
  4. the act of restricting your food intake (or your intake of particular foods)
  5. follow a regimen or a diet, as for health reasons
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23
Q

digestive

A
  • *adj. 消化的；助消化的
    n. 助消化药
  • ——————————————**
  1. any substance that promotes digestion
  2. relating to or having the power to cause or promote digestion
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24
Q

disgust

A
  • *n. 厌恶，嫌恶
    vt. 使厌恶；使作呕
  • ——————————————**
  1. strong feelings of dislike
  2. fill with distaste
  3. cause aversion in; offend the moral sense of
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25
Q

displacement

A
  • *n. 取代，位移；[船] 排水量
  • ——————————————**
  1. an event in which something is displaced without rotation
  2. act of taking the place of another especially using underhanded tactics
  3. the act of uniform movement
  4. (chemistry) a reaction in which an elementary substance displaces and sets free a constituent element from a compound
  5. (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that transfers affect or reaction from the original object to some more acceptable one
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26
Q

educated

A
  • *adj. 受过教育的；有教养的
    v. 训练；教导；培育（educate的过去分词形式）
  • ——————————————**
  1. possessing an education (especially having more than average knowledge)
  2. having or based on relevant experience
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27
Q

emission

A
  • *n. （光、热等的）发射，散发；喷射；发行
    n. (Emission)人名；(英)埃米申
  • ——————————————**
  1. the act of emitting; causing to flow forth
  2. a substance that is emitted or released
  3. the release of electrons from parent atoms
  4. any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body
  5. the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)
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28
Q

enzyme

A
  • *n. [生化] 酶
  • ——————————————**
  1. any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions
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29
Q

erode

A
  • *vt. 腐蚀，侵蚀
    vi. 侵蚀；受腐蚀
  • ——————————————**
  1. become ground down or deteriorate
  2. remove soil or rock
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30
Q

exotic

A
  • *adj. 异国的；外来的；异国情调的
  • ——————————————**
  1. being or from or characteristic of another place or part of the world
  2. strikingly strange or unusual
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31
Q

extinction

A
  • *n. 消失；消灭；废止
  • ——————————————**
  1. no longer in existence
  2. no longer active; extinguished
  3. the reduction of the intensity of radiation as a consequence of absorption and radiation
  4. complete annihilation
  5. a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus
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32
Q

fabric

A
  • *n. 织物；布；组织；构造；建筑物
  • ——————————————**
  1. artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers
  2. the underlying structure
33
Q

fashion

A
  • *n. 时尚；时装；样式；时髦人物
    vt. 使用；改变；做成…的形状
  • ——————————————**
  1. how something is done or how it happens
  2. characteristic or habitual practice
  3. the latest and most admired style in clothes and cosmetics and behavior
  4. consumer goods (especially clothing) in the current mode
  5. make out of components (often in an improvising manner)
34
Q

feasible

A
  • *adj. 可行的；可能的；可实行的
  • ——————————————**
  1. capable of being done with means at hand and circumstances as they are
35
Q

fervor

A
  • *n. 热情；热烈；热心；炽热
  • ——————————————**
  1. feelings of great warmth and intensity
  2. the state of being emotionally aroused and worked up
36
Q

figure

A
  • *n. 数字；人物；图形；价格；（人的）体形；画像
    vi. 计算；出现；扮演角色
    vt. 计算；认为；描绘；象征
  • ——————————————**
  1. a diagram or picture illustrating textual material
  2. alternative names for the body of a human being
  3. one of the elements that collectively form a system of numeration
  4. a model of a bodily form (especially of a person)
  5. a well-known or notable person
37
Q

function

A
  • *n. 功能；[数] 函数；职责；盛大的集会
    vi. 运行；活动；行使职责
  • ——————————————**
  1. a mathematical relation such that each element of one set is associated with at least one element of another set
  2. what something is used for
  3. the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group
  4. a relation such that one thing is dependent on another
  5. a formal or official social gathering or ceremony
38
Q

fungus

A
  • *n. 真菌，霉菌；菌类
  • ——————————————**
  1. a parasitic plant lacking chlorophyll and leaves and true stems and roots and reproducing by spores
39
Q

gemstone

A
  • *n. （经雕琢的）宝石
  • ——————————————**
  1. a crystalline rock that can be cut and polished for jewelry
40
Q

genuine

A
  • *adj. 真实的，真正的；诚恳的
  • ——————————————**
  1. not fake or counterfeit
  2. not pretended; sincerely felt or expressed
  3. being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something
41
Q

granular

A
  • *adj. 颗粒的；粒状的
  • ——————————————**
  1. composed of or covered with particles resembling meal in texture or consistency
  2. having a granular structure like that of chondrites
42
Q

grimly

A
  • *adv. 可怕地；冷酷地；严格地
  • ——————————————**
  1. in a grim implacable manner
43
Q

hammer

A
  • *vi. 锤击；敲打；重复
    n. 铁锤；链球；[解剖] 锤骨；音锤
    vt. 锤击；锤打
    n. (Hammer)人名；(法)阿梅；(德、英、芬、捷、瑞典、荷、丹、挪)哈默
  • ——————————————**
  1. the part of a gunlock that strikes the percussion cap when the trigger is pulled
  2. a hand tool with a heavy rigid head and a handle; used to deliver an impulsive force by striking
  3. the ossicle attached to the eardrum
  4. a heavy metal sphere attached to a flexible wire; used in the hammer throw
  5. a striker that is covered in felt and that causes the piano strings to vibrate
44
Q

heritage

A
  • *n. 遗产；传统；继承物；继承权
    n. (Heritage)人名；(英)赫里蒂奇
  • ——————————————**
  1. practices that are handed down from the past by tradition
  2. any attribute or immaterial possession that is inherited from ancestors
  3. that which is inherited; a title or property or estate that passes by law to the heir on the death of the owner
  4. hereditary succession to a title or an office or property
45
Q

impermeable

A
  • *adj. 不渗透性的；（对水等）不能渗透的
  • ——————————————**
  1. preventing especially liquids to pass or diffuse through
46
Q

impersonal

A
  • *adj. 客观的；非个人的；没有人情味的；非人称的
    n. 非人称动词；不具人格的事物
  • ——————————————**
  1. not relating to or responsive to individual persons
  2. having no personal preference
47
Q

inflate

A
  • *vt. 使充气；使通货膨胀
    vi. 膨胀；充气
  • ——————————————**
  1. fill with gas or air
  2. exaggerate or make bigger
  3. cause prices to rise by increasing the available currency or credit
  4. increase the amount or availability of, creating a rise in value
  5. become inflated
48
Q

influential

A
  • *adj. 有影响的；有势力的
    n. 有影响力的人物
  • ——————————————**
  1. having or exercising influence or power
49
Q

informative

A
  • *adj. 教育性的，有益的；情报的；见闻广博的
  • ——————————————**
  1. tending to increase knowledge or dissipate ignorance
  2. serving to instruct of enlighten or inform
  3. providing or conveying information
50
Q

joint

A
  • *n. 关节；接缝；接合处，接合点；（牛，羊等的腿）大块肉
    adj. 共同的；连接的；联合的，合办的
    vt. 连接，贴合；接合；使有接头
    vi. 贴合；生节
    n. (Joint)人名；(法)茹安
  • ——————————————**
  1. (anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion)
  2. a disreputable place of entertainment
  3. the shape or manner in which things come together and a connection is made
  4. a piece of meat roasted or for roasting and of a size for slicing into more than one portion
  5. junction by which parts or objects are joined together
51
Q

journalist

A
  • *n. 新闻工作者；报人；记日志者
  • ——————————————**
  1. a writer for newspapers and magazines
  2. someone who keeps a diary or journal
52
Q

leak

A
  • *n. 泄漏；漏洞，裂缝
    vt. 使渗漏，泄露
    vi. 漏，渗；泄漏出去
    n. (Leak)人名；(英)利克；(东南亚国家华语)力
  • ——————————————**
  1. an accidental hole that allows something (fluid or light etc.) to enter or escape
  2. soft watery rot in fruits and vegetables caused by fungi
  3. a euphemism for urination
  4. the unwanted discharge of a fluid from some container
  5. unauthorized (especially deliberate) disclosure of confidential information
53
Q

lens

A
  • *n. 透镜，镜头；眼睛中的水晶体；晶状体；隐形眼镜；汽车的灯玻璃
    vt. 给……摄影
  • ——————————————**
  1. a transparent optical device used to converge or diverge transmitted light and to form images
  2. genus of small erect or climbing herbs with pinnate leaves and small inconspicuous white flowers and small flattened pods: lentils
  3. (metaphor) a channel through which something can be seen or understood
  4. biconvex transparent body situated behind the iris in the eye; it focuses light waves on the retina
  5. electronic equipment that uses a magnetic or electric field in order to focus a beam of electrons
54
Q

mint

A
  • *n. 薄荷；[金融] 造币厂，巨款
    vt. 铸造，铸币
    n. (Mint)人名；(毛里塔)明特
  • ——————————————**
  1. (often followed by `of’) a large number or amount or extent
  2. any north temperate plant of the genus Mentha with aromatic leaves and small mauve flowers
  3. the leaves of a mint plant used fresh or candied
  4. a candy that is flavored with a mint oil
  5. a plant where money is coined by authority of the government
55
Q

molecule

A
  • *n. [化学] 分子；微小颗粒，微粒
  • ——————————————**
  1. (physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
  2. (nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything
56
Q

nutrient

A
  • *n. 营养物；滋养物
    adj. 营养的；滋养的
  • ——————————————**
  1. any substance that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue
  2. of or providing nourishment
57
Q

peninsula

A
  • *n. 半岛
  • ——————————————**
  1. a large mass of land projecting into a body of water
58
Q

pilot

A
  • *n. 飞行员；领航员
    adj. 试点的
    v. 驾驶；领航；试用
    n. (Pilot)人名；(意、印)皮洛特；(法)皮洛
  • ——————————————**
  1. someone who is licensed to operate an aircraft in flight
  2. a person qualified to guide ships through difficult waters going into or out of a harbor
  3. a program exemplifying a contemplated series; intended to attract sponsors
  4. an original model on which something is patterned
  5. small auxiliary gas burner that provides a flame to ignite a larger gas burner
59
Q

plasma

A
  • *n. [等离子] 等离子体；血浆；[矿物] 深绿玉髓
  • ——————————————**
  1. colorless watery fluid of blood and lymph containing no cells and in which erythrocytes and leukocytes and platelets are suspended
  2. a green slightly translucent variety of chalcedony used as a gemstone
  3. (physical chemistry) a fourth state of matter distinct from solid or liquid or gas and present in stars and fusion reactors; a gas becomes a plasma when it is heated until the atoms lose all their electrons, leaving a highly electrified collection of nuclei and free electrons
60
Q

psychoanalysis

A
  • *n. 精神分析；心理分析
  • ——————————————**
  1. a set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders; based on the theories of Sigmund Freud
61
Q

purple

A
  • *adj. 紫色的；帝王的；华而不实的
    n. 紫色；紫袍
    vi. 变成紫色
    vt. 使成紫色
  • ——————————————**
  1. a purple color or pigment
  2. of imperial status
  3. become purple
  4. color purple
  5. of a color intermediate between red and blue
62
Q

quasar

A
  • *n. [天] 类星体；恒星状球体
  • ——————————————**
  1. a starlike object that may send out radio waves and other forms of energy; many have large red shifts
63
Q

racing

A
  • *n. 赛马；竞赛
    vi. 赛马（race的ing形式）；竞赛
    adj. 比赛的
  • ——————————————**
  1. the sport of engaging in contests of speed
64
Q

radical

A
  • *adj. 激进的；根本的；彻底的
    n. 基础；激进分子；[物化] 原子团；[数] 根数
  • ——————————————**
  1. (chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule
  2. an atom or group of atoms with at least one unpaired electron; in the body it is usually an oxygen molecule than has lost an electron and will stabilize itself by stealing an electron from a nearby molecule
  3. a person who has radical ideas or opinions
  4. a character conveying the lexical meaning of a logogram
  5. a sign placed in front of an expression to denote that a root is to be extracted
65
Q

rainfall

A
  • *n. 降雨；降雨量
  • ——————————————**
  1. water falling in drops from vapor condensed in the atmosphere
66
Q

reason

A
  • *n. 理由；理性；动机
    vi. 推论；劝说
    vt. 说服；推论；辩论
    n. (Reason)人名；(英)里森
  • ——————————————**
  1. a rational motive for a belief or action
  2. an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon
  3. the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination
  4. the state of having good sense and sound judgment
  5. a justification for something existing or happening
67
Q

robust

A
  • *adj. 强健的；健康的；粗野的；粗鲁的
  • ——————————————**
  1. physically strong
  2. marked by richness and fullness of flavor
  3. strong enough to withstand or overcome intellectual challenges or adversity
  4. rough and crude
68
Q

sap

A
  • *n. [植] 树液；精力，元气；活力；坑道
    vt. 使衰竭，使伤元气；挖掘以破坏基础
    vi. 挖坑道
    n. (Sap)人名；(柬)萨；(越)插
  • ——————————————**
  1. a watery solution of sugars, salts, and minerals that circulates through the vascular system of a plant
  2. a person who lacks good judgment
  3. a piece of metal covered by leather with a flexible handle; used for hitting people
  4. deplete
  5. excavate the earth beneath
69
Q

solicit

A
  • *vt. 征求；招揽；请求；乞求
    vi. 征求；招揽；恳求；请求
  • ——————————————**
  1. make a solicitation or entreaty for something; request urgently or persistently
  2. make amorous advances towards
  3. approach with an offer of sexual favors
  4. incite, move, or persuade to some act of lawlessness or insubordination
  5. make a solicitation or petition for something desired
70
Q

species

A
  • *n. [生物] 物种；种类
    adj. 物种上的
  • ——————————————**
  1. (biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed
  2. a specific kind of something
71
Q

spread

A
  • *vi. 传播；伸展
    vt. 传播，散布；展开；伸展；铺开
    n. 传播；伸展
    adj. 伸展的
  • ——————————————**
  1. process or result of distributing or extending over a wide expanse of space
  2. a conspicuous disparity or difference as between two figures
  3. farm consisting of a large tract of land along with facilities needed to raise livestock (especially cattle)
  4. a haphazard distribution in all directions
  5. a tasty mixture to be spread on bread or crackers
72
Q

temple

A
  • *n. 庙宇；寺院；神殿；太阳穴
    n. (Temple)人名；(法)唐普勒；(英)坦普尔
  • ——————————————**
  1. place of worship consisting of an edifice for the worship of a deity
  2. the flat area on either side of the forehead
  3. an edifice devoted to special or exalted purposes
  4. (Judaism) the place of worship for a Jewish congregation
73
Q

terminal

A
  • *n. 末端；终点；终端机；极限
    adj. 末端的；终点的；晚期的
  • ——————————————**
  1. station where transport vehicles load or unload passengers or goods
  2. a contact on an electrical device (such as a battery) at which electric current enters or leaves
  3. electronic equipment consisting of a device providing access to a computer; has a keyboard and display
  4. being or situated at an end
  5. of or relating to or situated at the ends of a delivery route
74
Q

terrain

A
  • *n. [地理] 地形，地势；领域；地带
  • ——————————————**
  1. a piece of ground having specific characteristics or military potential
75
Q

transmit

A
  • *vt. 传输；传播；发射；传达；遗传
    vi. 传输；发射信号
  • ——————————————**
  1. transfer to another
  2. transmit or serve as the medium for transmission
  3. broadcast over the airwaves, as in radio or television
  4. send from one person or place to another
76
Q

tycoon

A
  • *n. 企业界大亨，巨头；巨富
  • ——————————————**
  1. a very wealthy or powerful businessman
77
Q

vegetation

A
  • *n. 植被；植物，草木；呆板单调的生活
  • ——————————————**
  1. all the plant life in a particular region or period
  2. the process of growth in plants
  3. an abnormal growth or excrescence (especially a warty excrescence on the valves of the heart)
  4. inactivity that is passive and monotonous, comparable to the inactivity of plant life
78
Q

vulnerable

A
  • *adj. 易受攻击的，易受…的攻击；易受伤害的；有弱点的
  • ——————————————**
  1. susceptible to attack
  2. susceptible to criticism or persuasion or temptation
  3. capable of being wounded or hurt
79
Q

weave

A
  • *vt. 编织；编排；使迂回前进
    vi. 纺织；编成；迂回行进
    n. 织物；织法；编织式样
  • ——————————————**
  1. pattern of weaving or structure of a fabric
  2. interlace by or as it by weaving
  3. create a piece of cloth by interlacing strands of fabric, such as wool or cotton
  4. sway to and fro
  5. to move or cause to move in a sinuous, spiral, or circular course

TOEFL-45 (45 decks)

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