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bio > 2.1.6 cell division, diversity, organisation > Flashcards

2.1.6 cell division, diversity, organisation Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

cell cycle 4 stages

A

G1 (growth 1)
Synthesis
G2 (growth 2)
Mitosis (cytokineses)

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2
Q

what triggers going from one phase to enouther

A

cyclins

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3
Q

3 parts of interphase

A

g1
s
g2

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4
Q

what happes in G1

A
  • growth
  • PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, cells make enzymes, proteins for growth
  • CHECKPOINT: dna damage etc, approve going to the next
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5
Q

what happens in g2

A
  • more growing
  • DNA is error checked and repaired
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6
Q

does the cell grow during mitosis

A

no

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7
Q

in whcih part of cell cycle is there the most mRNA produced

A
  • G1
  • protein syntehsis and production of mRNA in transcription
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8
Q

product of mitosis

A

2 genetically identical daughter cells

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9
Q

4 stages of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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10
Q

how many chromosomes in human nucleus

A

46 (23 pairs)

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11
Q

Prophase

A
  • chromosomes SUPERCOIL and become visible
  • nuclear envelope disintegrate
  • nucleolus disappears
  • centrioles move to opposite poles
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12
Q

metaphase

A
  • chromosomes line up at equator of cell, forming metaphase plate
  • SF attach to centromeres
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13
Q

anaphase

A
  • sister chromatides pulled apart at centromre
  • SF shorten
  • separated chromatids pulled to opposite poles by microtubule spindle fibres
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14
Q

telophase

A
  • nuclear enevlope reforms
  • SF breaks down
  • new nucleoluses formed
  • chromosomes un condense
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15
Q

cytokineses

A

cytoplasm and organelles divides into 2

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16
Q

structure of chromosome (post DNA rep)

A

2 identical chromatids joined together at CENTROMERE

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17
Q

centrosome

A

pair of centrioles

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18
Q

what in plants can you use to study mitosis

A

meristem tissue (root tip)

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19
Q

purpose of mitosis

A
  1. growth
  2. replace cells, repair tissues
  3. asexual reproduction eg ameoba
  4. body plan
  5. clonal selection, expansion
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20
Q

what type of cells does mitosis produce

A

diploid

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21
Q

what type of cells does meiosis produce

A

haploid gametes

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22
Q

meoisis 1

23
Q

crossing over is

24
Q

what is a bivalent

Study These Flashcards
A

a pair of homologous chromosomes

25
M1
- chromosomes line up along equator in homologous pairs, forming a bivalent - spindle fibres formed and attach to ccentromere - INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
26
A1
- centrioles pull apart chromosomes to opporite ends
27
T1
- chromosomes at opposite poles - SF break down - nuclear envlopes reform and nucleoluses
28
cytokineses 1
- cytoplasm divides
29
product of meiosis 1
2x haploid cells (NOT GENETICALLY IDENTICAL)
30
what happens between m1 and m2
- no interphase
31
p2
- nuclear enevlope breaks down, nucleolus disintegrates - chromosomes condense
32
m2
- chromosomes line up at equaotr - spindle fibres form and attach to centromeres
33
a2
-chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
34
t2
- nuclear envelope reforms - nucleoli reform
35
cytokineses 2
- cytoplasm divides
36
total product of meiosis
- 4 haploid cells
37
how do you count chroosomes
!!!!!!by number of centromeres present!!!!!!!
38
p1
- chromosomes supercoil, visible - nuclear envelop breaks down, nucleous disintigerates - CHROMOSOMES COME TOGETHER AS HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS - crossing over occurs
39
waht is crossing over
- PROPHASE 1 - non sister chromatids swap sections of DNA - CHROMATIDS HAVE NEW ALLELE COMBO - the more they cross over depends on how close they are
40
M1
- pairs of homologous chromosomes line up at equator - spindle attaches to centromere - INTEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
41
independent assortment
METAPHASE 1 (snd2) - Homologous chromosome pairs line up at equator - maternal and paternal can end up facing either pole - maternal and paternal chromosomes have different alleles - !!!!!! PRODUCES LARGE NUMBER OF ALLELE COMBOS !!!!!!!
42
a1
- each chromosome (containing 2 chromatids) in the homolgous pair is pulled to an opposite pole
43
t1
- 2 nuclear envelpoes reform - then cytokinesis - HAPLOID
44
cytokinesis in animal cells
- cleavage furrow - cytoplasm pinches in on itself - cytoplasm divides - 2 GI daughter cells produced
45
cytokinesis in animal cells
- vesicles containing cell wall material fuse at the centre of the cell - to form a cell plate - plasma membrane forms
46
independent assortment is only relevant in metaphase 2 if
crossing over occured in prophase 1
47
use of stem cells (4) in research
- grow into tissues and test how effective new medicinal drugs are (1) - grow into tissues and test for side effects / toxicity of new drugs (1) - grow and studied to see how they develop into different cell types (developmental research) (1) **** - cell function can be studied to find out what can make it fail to work properly in diseases
48
explain why x is an organ (4)
- group od different tissues - carry out a certain role - give egxylem, phloem - to carry out gas exchange
49
why cant x divide?
- already differentiated - in g0 - shape is too ireegular to divide
50
describe adult stem cells
- multipotent - can differentiate to become any cell type within their tissue
51
pluripotent
- can diff to form most types of cells - cant form a whole organism - as are already a bit specialised
52
squamous epithelial adaptation
- very thin - can fit together like a pavement - short dd for gex - in alveoli
53
neutrophil cytoplasm
granulated many lysosomes containing lysosyme hydrolytic enzymes for phagocytosis

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