5.3 neuronal communication Flashcards
(52 cards)
1
Q
chemoreceptors
A
detect chemicals
2
Q
thermoreceptros
A
detect heat
3
Q
mechanoreceptors (baroreceptors)
A
detect pressure
4
Q
phtoreceptors
A
detect light
5
Q
receptors are
A
SPECIFIC to one stimulus
6
Q
transducer
A
a cell that can convert from x energy to electrical energy (eg light/chemical to electrical)
7
Q
how can u become habituated (Desensetitsed) to something
A
- recpetors detect a CHANGE in the encironemnt, so if the stimulus is constant it wont continue to cause a response
- sodium channels remain open
- limited amount of neurotransmitter, so eventually it stops being released across a synapse
8
Q
how does a pacinian corpuscle work?
A
- baroreceptors
- layers of connective tissue around a sensory nerve fibre
- contain STRETCH MEDIATED Na+ channels
- typically, they are clsed. but when pressure applied, the channels are DEFORMED , and open. rapid influx of na+ ions, causing depolarisation, causing a generator potnetia and then action potential
9
Q
resting potential
A
- approx -70
- maintained by SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP
- active transport using ATP 3Na+ out, 2 K+ in
- membrane more permeable to k+ than na+ so k+ can diffuse out
10
Q
motor neurones (direction)
A
CNS [RELAY] to effector (muscle/gland)
11
Q
sensory neurones (direction)
A
sensory receptor to CNS
12
Q
relay neurones (direction)
A
connect sensory to motor
13
Q
specialisation of neurones
A
- myelin sheath => more efficient
- plasma membrane contains many ion channels
- plasma membrane contains many na+ k+ pump
- ## very long => transmit over a long distance
14
Q
how to recognise sensory nuerone
A
- LONG dendron (before body)
- small cell body halfway down
- short axon (After body)
15
Q
how to recognise motor neurone
A
- long axon
- cell body in the cns (At the end)
16
Q
how to recodnise realy neruone
A
- short axon
- many dendrites
17
Q
describe steps of action potential
A
- RESTING POTENTIAL: -70. 3na+ out, 2k+ in
- GENERATOR POTENTIAL (caused by a receptor) na+ channels open, and if past threshold potentia then causing
- DEPOLARISATION: na+ channels open, na+ facilitated diffusion down ECG into neuron, until reaches approx +40
- REPOLARISATION: na+ channels CLOSE, k+ channels OPEN. K+ move out of neruone FD down ecg. voltage is lowering
- HYPERPOLARISATION: voltage goes even more negative than resting. k+ channels too slow to close, so too many k+ out. sodium potassium pump kicks in to return
18
Q
threshold potential
A
- minimum voltage needed to trigger an action potential
19
Q
refractory period
A
- na+ oin channels are closed
- na+ cant enter, so no depolarisation, so action potential cant occur
- ensures they are UNIDIRECTIONAL and arent propagated backwards
- ensures action potentials DONT OVERLAP
20
Q
local current transmission
A
- depolarisation: na+ mve through na+ channels into neruone down ECG
- open channels allow na+ to diffuse sideways along axon (local current)
- causes slight depolarisation further along neruone, causing POSITIVE FEEDBACK: causes more voltage gated na+ channels to open caysing FULL DEPOLARISATION and action potential here
- ## !!!!!unidirectional as only diffuses down CG, and due to refractory period!!!!! ensured not propagated backwards
21
Q
myelin sheath
A
- insulating layer of fatty material , made of SCHWANN cells wrapped around neurone
- gaps in betwteen the scwhann cells are the NODES OF RANVIER
22
Q
Why are action potentials described as ‘all or nothing?’
A
- only if a threshold voltage is reached, an action potential occurs
- action potential is always of the same MAGNITUDE regardless of stimulus strength
- stronger stimulus = more frequent action potentials****
23
Q
what efects the strength of the action potential
A
the FREQUENCY OF THE ACTION POTENTIALS
- stronger stimulus = more na+ channels opened, more generator potenntials, more frequenct action potentials
24
Q
synapse
A
gap between neurones
25
why do u need neurotransmitters
electrical impulses cant pass through the gap
26
end of presynapctic nueron
synpatic KNOB
27
HOW DOES SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION WORK
- action potential arrives at the synaptic knob, triggering opening of VOLTAGE GATED CA2+ CHANNELS
- they flood the tip of the knob by FACILITATED DIFFUSION, causing vesicles containing the NT to fuse with the presynaptic membrane
- NT released by exocytosis
- NT diffuse across synaptic cleft, bind to specific complementary receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
- triggesr na+ channels to open, na+ enters neurone, causing DEPOLARISATION and an action potenital is threshold voltage is reached
- enzyme eg actylcholine esterase hydrolyses ach into ethanoic acid and choline. STOPS SIGNALS so no more action potneitals
28
what happens to the hydrolysed choline and ethanoic acid
diffuse back to synaptic bulb and ATP is used to reform ach, which is stored in vesicles
29
which synapses use ach
cholinergic
30
summation
when the effects of several ESPS are added together
31
spatial summation
lots of presynaptic nuerones release neurotransmitter to one sungle postsynaptic nuerone
- several excitatory post synaptic potentials have to be added together in order to reach the threshold voltage
32
temporal summation
a single neuron fires a series of action potentials in succession until the threshold voltage is reached
33
inhibitory synapses
inhibitory post synaptic potential
- prevent an action potential in the post synaptic neuron
- by causing eg HYPERPOLARISATION by causing negative ion channels to open
34
how does the synapse ensure unidrectional?
- only the PRE synaptic membrane contains ach
- only the PRE synaptic membrane contains ca2+ channels
- and only the POST synaptic membrane has the speccific complmentary receptors
- POST has enzymes to break down nuerotransmitter
35
how does the synapce filter our low level stuff?
- several vesicles of NT must be released in order to create a generator potential > threshold voltage to create an action potential in the post synaptic
36
in the cell body there is lots of?
SER => synthesis of neurotransmitters
MITOCHONDRIA => atp for active transport in the pumps
37
WHEN SAYING A GENERATOR POTENTIAL SAY THE MEMRBANE
depolarises
38
what exactly does hte myelin sheath insulate
axon
39
hy is transmission of action potentials along the axon slower in the absence of saltatory conduction?
- no nodes of ranvier
- whole axon has to be depolarised
40
na+ k+ pump is
always open during action potential
41
importance of a synapse (4)
- ensures unidirectional flow from neurone to neurone
- allows for SUMMATION
- impulses from more than one neurone can pass to a single neurone
- filters out 'low level' stimuli
- can have excitatory and inhibitory
42
where is the thermoregulatory centre located in the brain
hypothalamus
43
differences in STRUCTURE of motor vs sensory neurones
MOTOR:
- longer axon
- cell body at end vs in the middle
- NO DENDRON
- cell body in CNS (sensory in PNS)
43
all action pitentials have the same...
MAGNITDUE
44
what produces myelin sheath
schwann cells
45
describe structure of myelin sheath
- schwann cells wrapped around axon
46
SIMILARITY motor and senosry
- dendrites
- axon
- myelinated
- cell body WITH NUCLEUS, SER
- sodium potassium pump, voltage gated chanels
47
How does sweat work
- cools body
- water has high LHV
- so heat energy from skin used to evaporate it
48
pressure receptors convert which type of energy to electrical
mechanical
49
local circuits in myelinated
- FEWER
- LONGER
50
explain why saltatory is faster?
- myelin insulates axon
- SPEEDS UP RATE OF TRANSMISSION
- nodes of ranview are the unmyelinated parts
- ONLY parts with ion channels
- only parts where ions can flow
- only parts where depolarisation can occur , so only place where action potentials can occur
- so AP jumps from node to node
- so fewer local circuits, VS THE WHOLE AXON HAS TO BE DEPOLARISED
51
why long axon
transmit ap over long distance
