6.4 cloning and biotechnology

Question 1

what is it called hwen plants make natural clones

Answer 1

vegetative propagation, using asexual reproduction

Question 2

natural clones in plants

Answer 2

runners/stolons
rhizomes
suckers
bulbs
corms
tubers

Question 3

runners/stolons

Answer 3

horizontal stems on teh SURFACE OF THE GROUND

Question 4

rhizomes

Answer 4

horizontal stems UNDERGROUND

Question 5

suckers

Answer 5

stems that grow from the roots of the plant

Question 6

bulbs

Answer 6

fleshy undergrund stem with 1+ apical bud

Question 7

corms

Answer 7

underground stems with 1+ apical bud
SOLID VS FLESHY BULB

Question 8

tuber

Answer 8

underhround stem

Question 9

how to make a cutting

Answer 9

• use a sharp scalpel to cut a stem between nodules
• must be a stem without flowers : encourages root growth
• remove leaves, cover w a plastiv=c bag : reduce transpiration
• aseptic techniques: prevent infection
• dip cut stem in rooting powder
• plant in watered compost

Question 10

how to do micropropagation/tissue culture

Answer 10

• cut plant stem into several smaller explants (usually go for meristem)
• sterilise explants w bleach
• place on agar grwoth medium containing nutrient solution (glucose). and high conc of AUXIN and CYTOKININ
• stimulates mitotic division, forms a CALLUS ( a mass of undifferentiated totipotent cells)
• subdivide the callus into smaller clumps
• move into different grwoth media containing DIFFERENT RATIOS OF HORMONES. eg high auxin for roots, high cytokinin for shoots
• then put into greenhouse

Question 11

advatnages of artifical cloning

Answer 11

• can be carried out independently of seasons
• genetically identical for desriable characteristic
• faster than growing from seed

Question 12

disadvantages of plant cloning

Answer 12

• pathogen
• less able to adapt to a changing environment
• tissue culture is labour intensiece + expensive

Question 13

2 methods of reproductive cloning in animals

Answer 13

• embryo twinning
• somatic cell nuclear transfer

Question 14

embryo pslitting

Answer 14

1. egg from female and sperm from male fertilised IVF to make a zygote
2. zygote divides by mitosis
3. embryo split into smaller groups
4. then each is inserted into the uterus of a surrogate mother

OFFSPRNG ARE CLONES OF EACH OTHER BUT NOT GI TO PARENTS !!!!!!!

Question 15

SOMATIC cell nuclear transfer

Answer 15

• extract nucleus from somatic cell
• take an egg, and enucleate it
• insert the nucleus from the somatic cell into the enucleated egg cell
• FUSE USING ELECTROFUSION
• mitotic division => embryo, implanted into surrogate mother. is a CLONE OF THE NUCLEAR DONOR, but contains mDNA from the mother

Question 16

uses of adult cell cloning

Answer 16

• save animals from extinction
• clone GMO oranisms that provide a useful substance
• farmers can clone animals w desirable characteristics
• use in researcg
• tissue transplant

Question 17

disadvantages of cloned animals

Answer 17

• developmental problems (age)
• small gene pool
• religious/ethical

Question 18

biotechnology

Answer 18

the use of living organisms in industrial processes to serve humans

Question 19

why use microorganisms for biotech?(4)

Answer 19

• NON SEASONAL PRODUCTION
• rapid growth/reproduction
• take up less space
• cheap as low temperature

Question 20

examples of where biotech is used

Answer 20

bread
cheese
yoghurt
indulin
penicillin

Question 21

industrial fermenters

Answer 21

• used to grow bacteria and fungi on a large scale
• fermenters are made from stainless steel [doesnt corrose] and sterilised using hot steam
• AIR INLET: o2 in for ar
• paddles: even distribution of nutrients and oxygen
• pH sensor
• water jacket to control temperature

Question 22

batch fermentation

Answer 22

• closed culture
• when one batch is finished, the vessel is emptied, cleaned, and new batch introduced
• PRIMARY METABOLITES

Question 23

continuous fermentation

Answer 23

• continuous growth
• nutrients continuously added and waste products continuously grown
• ## open culture

Question 24

rpimary metabolites

Answer 24

things normally produced by cells , eg atp, pyruvate etc

Question 25

secondary metabolites

Answer 25

- things produced by organisms when under stress - eg soem bacteria in the stationary phase start producing antibioitics to kill off competition -> can be harvestedd -

Question 26

importance of asepsis in fermentation

Answer 26

- microoorgs might compete w the bacteria for nutrients and space - reducing yield - spoil the product

Question 27

aseptic techniques

Answer 27

- wash hands - disinfect working area - have an open bunsen flame nearby to heat the air: causes air to rise and prevents microorgs settling - when u open a vessel flame the neck to prevent bac entering - only partially lift the petri dish lid

Question 28

how to grow. amicrroorganism culture pag

Answer 28

1. sterilise the area, and use aseptic techniques 2. sterilise the agar in an autoclave 3. flame the neck of the bottle containing the sterilised nutreint afar 4. pour into petri dish 5. Flame incoulating loop, dip the loop into the bacteria broth, then 'streak' or spread over the agar solution 6. incubate at 25

Question 29

groewth curve applies to

Answer 29

CLOSED CULTURE

Question 30

describe growth curve

Answer 30

- lag phase - log phase - stationary phase - death phase

Question 31

lag phase

Answer 31

- slow grwoth - bac adjusting to new environment - eg turning on genes and synthesising proteins (enzymes)

Question 32

log phase

Answer 32

exponential growth

Question 33

stationary phase

Answer 33

- death rate = growth rate -

Question 34

death phase

Answer 34

- nutrient srun out - conc waste products too high - death > birth

Question 35

primary metabolites producee in

Answer 35

log phase

Question 36

3 advantages of immobilised enzymes

Answer 36

1. enzyme can be used again 2. enzyme easier removedpurer product 3. enzyme is more efficent

Question 37

immobilised enzymes 3 methods

Answer 37

1. entrapment in a gel matrix 2. covalent bond to clay 3. encapsulation inside alginate beads