4.3 classification and evolution Flashcards
1
Q
taxonomy
A
practice of biologoical classification
2
Q
taxonomy is based off…
A
EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
3
Q
order of taxonomic ranks
A
domain
kingdom
phylum
clas
order
family
genus
species
4
Q
3 domains
A
- eukarya
- bacteria
- archaea
- b and a are both prokaryotic
5
Q
binomial name
A
Genus species
6
Q
advantage of binomial
A
- universaly identified
- shows genus and species
- diff languages diff common name
7
Q
archaea vs bacteria
A
- membrane lipids ppl diff
- archaea non murein vs peptidoglycan cell wall
- archea 8-10 protein rna p vs bacteria 5 rna p
- DNA associated with histones in archaea
8
Q
5 kingdoms
A
- prokaryota
- protoctista
- animalia
- fungi
- plantae
9
Q
prokaryota features
A
- unicellylar
- cell wall
- NO NUC OR MIT (membrane bound organelles)
- divide by binary fission
10
Q
protoctista features
A
- eukaryotes
- membrane bound organelle
- 80s ribosome
- AUTO OR HETERO
- MOST unicellular
11
Q
fungi features
A
- saprophytes
- chitin cell wall
- eukaryotes
- uni and multi
12
Q
advantage of classificaion
A
- convenience
- easier to identify orgs
- see relationships between species
13
Q
waht can we use instead of phenotypes
A
CYTOCHROME C
DNA similarity
14
Q
cytochrome c
A
- in all orgs that respire
- but compare amino acid chain in different organisms, the more similar the more closely related
15
Q
phylogeny
A
study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
(eg common ancestor)
16
Q
darwin observations
A
- variation between members of same species on different islands
17
Q
interspecific variation
A
differences between different species
18
Q
intraspecific variation
A
differences between organisms in the same species
19
Q
continuous variation
A
can take any value
eg
height
leaf length
USE A HISTOGRAM
20
Q
discrete variation
A
- takes set valued
- eg
- Sex
- blood group
- BAR CHART
21
Q
2 causes of variation
A
environmental
genetic
22
Q
low standrad deviation
A
- narrow range
- points grouped close to the mean
- GOOD RELIABILITY
23
Q
degrees of freedom for t test
A
sample size - number of data sets
24
Q
tpyes of adaptations
A
anatomical (structurak)
behavioural (eg hibernation)
physiological (eg poison)
25
probelm of pesticides
accumulation in food chain
26
2 ways to prove same species
- cytochrome C similar sequence
- breed to produc fertile offspring
27
if you have pictures, dont compare
SIZE
- no scale given
- so no accurate comparison can be made
- you can however compare things relatively
28
the taxons refers to
PHYLOGENY classification
29
the creation of an organism with an artificial genome is known as
synthetic biology
30
advantages of binomial naming (3)
1. universal
2. shows which genus and species
3. diff languages have diff common name for same organism
31
genetic material in prokaryote
- naked; not associated with histones
- circular loops
- plasmids
32
which kingdom are algae
- PROTOCISTA
33
2 WAYS to validate scientific research
1. peer review
2. replicate study
34
explain how sceintists are able to estimate the age of extinct organisms (2)
1. fossils
2. the deeper the older
35
if 2 organisms have a feature eg wings, does this show relation?
- no as classification is based on phylogeny
- could have evolved wings on multiple occasions
36
bottle neck (2)
- population drops so many alleles lost
- population descended from the few surviors
37
describe role of wallace (3)
- simi;ar ideas to darwin
- arrived at same conclusion independently
- published theory toegether
38
how to use DNA for phylogeny
- compare
- the more similar the more closely related
39
contunous variation is typically caused by ...
- MANY GENES
- genes and environment
40
3 plant defenses against attackers
- chemicals eg alkaloids, tannins, pheromones
- folding
- stings
41
when discussing mutatin variation natural selection of a phenotype, which genes is the mutation in?
- REGULATORY genes
- these cnotrol the expression of other genes by switching on and off others; coding for transcription factors
- eg gene for pigment so colour
42
if you're in water do you have a waxy cuticle
NO
- no need to prevent wate rloss
- wax production wastes energy
43
how could 2 different species completely evolve to have a similar feature?
- similar lifestyle
- similar selection pressure
- similar advantageous sruvival etc
44
importance of nitrogen fertiliser
- yield falls over time without
- fertiliser REPLACES LOST NITROGEN
- required for amino acids
- Nitrogen absorbed by plants
45
important consideration in seed banks (4)
- take species from different locations
- maintain geographic variation
- increase gene pool
- reduced chance of interbreeding
46
advantages of seed bank over plants
- most platns produce excess seeds
- SO can be collected without damaging plants
- take up little space
- so can store large numbers
- remain viable for long periods
47
why might reductionin biodiversity be bad for AGRICULTURE in future
- loss of genetic diversity (reduced gene pool)
- agricultural needs change over time so allele may have been useful
- eg for disease resistance
48
why can fertiliser be bad for diversity
- promotes growth of ONE plant
- others are outcompeted
- disrupts food chains
49
evidence for evolution
- fossils
- dna
- cytochrome c
50
difference bettwen bacteria and archaea (3 domain)
- both 70 s ribosomes
- bacteria: 5 protein rna p, peptidoglycan cell wall
- archaea: 8-10 proteini rna p, non murein cell wall
51
every cell ever has
ribosomes
