5.5 ANIMAL responses Flashcards
(71 cards)
1
Q
similarity between somatic and parasympathetic
A
both use ACETYLCHOLINE
2
Q
nervous system is divided into…
A
CNS and PNS
3
Q
CNS contains
A
brain + spinal cord
4
Q
PNS
A
nerves connecting CNS to rest of body
5
Q
PNS functinal divide into
A
somatic
autonomic
6
Q
somatic nervous system
A
controls conscious process
7
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
controls unconscious activities eg berathing
8
Q
autonomic nervous system division
A
sympathetic and parasympathetic
9
Q
sympathetic
A
- ’ fight or flight’
- noradrenaline neurotransmitter
10
Q
parasympathetic
A
- ‘rest and digest’
- neurotransmitter acetyl choline
11
Q
cerebrum
A
- largest, highly folded (large SA)
- divided by 2 central hemispheres joined by a band of nerves called CORPUS CALLOSUM
- ‘higher brain functions’ , processing language, vision, conscios thought, emotions
12
Q
hypothalamus
A
- homeostatic responses eg thermo and osmo regulation
- blood glucose control
- produces ADH
13
Q
cerebellum
A
- back and bottom of brain
- movement, posture, balance
14
Q
pituitary gland
A
- right below hypothalamus
- anterior stores and releases hormones made by hypothalaus eg ADH
15
Q
medulla oblongata
A
unconscious processes
- eg regulation of breathing rate and heart rate
16
Q
reflec axtion
A
fast automatic innate protective response
17
Q
reflex arc
A
stimulus receptor sensory relay motor effector
18
Q
fight or flight 2 aspects
A
HORMONES + NERVOUS SYSTEM
HORMONES: pituitary gland releaces ACTH, acting on adrenal glands, stomulating release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex
NERVOUS: sympathestic branch of Autonomic NS signals to adrenal glands to release adrenaline
19
Q
effect of fight or flight
A
- ON LIVER: glycogenolysis, more glucose for AR
- redirect blood flow away from digestive system and towards muscles + brain (vasoconstriction + vasodilation)
- ON HEART: san to increase frequency of impusles, increases heart and breathing rate
- causes erector muscles in skin to contract, hairs stand on edge, animal looks MORE AGGRESSIVE
20
Q
what controls heart rate?
A
medulla oblongata (unconscious)
21
Q
baroreceptors detect
A
pressure
22
Q
chemoreceptors detect
A
[o2] and oH
23
Q
how is heart rate controlled by medulla oblongata?
A
- baroreceptors detect low bp
- send impulses to CARDIOVASCULAR CENTRE in MO
- if LOW, medulla activates SYMPATHETIC NEROUS SYSTEM; signals travel along sympathetic [accelerans] nerves
- noradrenaline relesed as neurotransmitter
- binds to receptors on SAN, signals increase in heart rate
- if TOO HIGH, medulla sends signals along parasympathetic [vagus nerve] nervous system
- acetylcholine released
- binds to receptors on SAN, slow heart rate
24
Q
3 types of muscle
A
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
25
skeletal muscle
- striated
- conscious control
- MULTINUCLEATED
- contract short and fast
- used to move skeleton
26
smooth muscle
- NOT striated
- unconscous control
- contract long and slow
- UNINUCLEATED
- constricts diameter of vessels
27
cardiac muscle
- striated (but LESS THAN SKELETAL)
- intercalated discs connect fibres
- branches
- myogenic
- no fatigue
- uninucleated
28
muscle fibres
bundles of long muscle cells
29
cell membrane of muscle cells
sarcolemma
30
cytoplasm of muscle vcells
sarcoplasm
31
specialisation wthin sarcoplasm
- many mitochondria
- extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum
32
organisation of the fibres
fibre = bundle of cells
myofibrils= contractile elements
sarcomeres = chain of subunites
33
sarcomeres contain
actin and myosin
34
what creates the striated appearance
actin and mysoin protein filaments located in the sarcomeres
35
A band
dark band
36
I band
lighter band
37
junction between nervouse system and muscle
neuromuscular junction
38
stimulation of contractino of skeletal (volunatry ) muscles
1. action potentials arriving at the end of an axon open ca2+ channels, allowing ca2+ to flood into axon tip
2. causes vesciles of ACTH to move towards and fuse with membrane
3. ACTH diffuse across gap and bind to receptors in sarcolemma
4. Na+ channels open and Na+ enters muscle fibre causing depolarisation of sarcolemma
5. wave of depolarisation passes along sarcolemma and down t tubules
39
t tubule
the sarcolemma folds into the sarcoplasm, creating the dip
40
myofibrils contain
2 types of filament
THIN = light band
THICK = dark band
41
what holds together the thin filaments
z line
42
h zone
area with no overlap between thick and thin
43
sarcomere is
the distance between 2 Z lines
44
thin filaments are...
actin
45
describe thin filament
- 2 chains of actin subunits twisted round each other
- tropomyosin is wount round
- attached to it is globular molecules of troponin
- each troponin contains 3 PPC. one binds to actin , one to tropomyosin, one to calcium
46
sliding fioament hypothesis
1. when muscle is stimulated, action potential passes along sarcolemma and down t tubules into muscle fibre
2. AP carried to sarcoplasmic reticulum, whcih stores calcium ions, and causes the Ca2+ to be released into the sarcoplasm
3. Ca2+ bind to troponing, confromational change, mulling tropoyosin asied. exposes binding sites on the actin
4. myosin heads bind to the actin, forming CROSS BRIDGES between it and the actin
5. POWER STROKE: the myosin head tilts backwards, causing the thin filament to slide past the myosin filament. ADP and Pi are released from myosin head
6. after PS, a new ATP attached to myosin head, breaking cross bridge
7. myosin head then swings forward back to original position, hydrolysing but not releasing ADP + Pi, releasing energy for this movement. now it can make another cross bridge
8. ONCE DONE, the ca2+ are ACTIVE TRANSPORT back to sarcoplasmic reticulum, everything returns to original shape, myosin cant bind to actin, sarcomere LENGTHENS, RELACATION
47
why does muscle contraction require ATP?
- power stroke
- AT of ca2+ back to sarcoplasmic reticulum after contraction
48
how can ATP be regenerated?
1. aerobic respiration
2. anaerobi respiration
3. phosphocreatine
49
how does atp get generated from phosphocreatine
- atp can be made by taking a Pi from phosphocreatine and using it to phosphorylate ADP
- the phosphocreatine becomes creatine, which is removed from the body via the kidneys
- its stored in muscle cells and is v quick
- ANAEROBIC + ALACTIC
50
Suggest why it can be difficult for a doctor to conclude that the symptoms described in part (iii) are
definitely caused by damage to parts of the brain.
- SYMPTOMS COULD BE CAUSED BY ANOTHER DISEASE
- damage to the xyz could cause similar symptoms
51
IN ANY REFLEX QUESTION MENTION ITS...
involuntary, innate
52
if xyz all fly, can you conclude they are related?
NO
- classification based on phylogeny
- could be due to convergent evolution
53
how do reflexes go so fast
only in volve a few number of synapses
54
adrenaline is released from which part of the adrenal gland
adrenal MEDULLA
55
Suggest how these sprinters can expend so much energy without needing to carry out aerobic respiration.
- STORED ATP
- can withstand low pH of lactic acid
- high phosphocreatine stores
56
why do u need glucose for muscle contraction ? (3)
1. for AR to produce ATP
2. to break cross bridges between myosin head and actin
3. is hydrolysed to ADP and Pi to move it forward
4. required to AT calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
57
parasympathetic nerve
vagus nerve
58
sympathetic nerve
accelerans nerve
59
difference in structre of
SKELETAL
SMOOTH
CARDIAC
1. multinucleated
2. uninucleate
3. BRANCHED CELLS, intercalated discs
60
OVERALL FIGHT OR FLIGHT (9)
- PNS
- sympathetic
- noradrenaline neutrotransmitter
- adrenal medulla secreted adrenaline
- binds to specfic receptor on target cell
- SAN: heart beats faster, more forcefully
- iris contracts: pupil dilates
- less BF to skin and digestive system
- ICM and diapharagm contract faster, increased ventilation
- erector pilli contract, hairs on edge so animal more aggressive
61
CNS VS PNS
CNS
- brain and spinal cord
- has relay neurones
PNS
-no relay, only sensory and motor
- impulses to and from CNS
- autonomic and somatic
62
drawback of plant chemical responses
- alkaloids, tanninsetc
- metabolic resources wasted on their poroduction
63
Where, precisely, are acetylcholine receptors found?
postsynaptic membrane (sarcolemma)
64
controls are always
to COMPARE the effect of xyz
65
name of the knob befre the neuromuscular junction
synaptic cleft
66
what breaks down acetylcholine in the post synaptic membrane
ACH esterase
67
Give two reasons why both plants and animals need to be able to respond to changes in
their environment.
...........................
- abiotic stress
- predation
- USE RESOURCES
68
how does abscission work?
- as the plant ages, cytokinin and auxin levels lower, ethene levels increase
- triggers production of CELLULASE, breaks down cell wall in abscission layer
- leaves break off. suberin forms under the abscission layer to prevent pathogen entry
69
baroand chemoreceptors are found
CAROTID BODY
70
HOW IS THE CHANGE TO BP DONE
- baroreceptors in carotid body detect
- impulses to MEDULLA OBLONGATA
- parasympathetic facilitates impulses from vagus to SAN
- acetylcholine neurotransmitter
-
71
when blood ph is too high, what gets invovled, para or sympa
SYMPATHETIC
increase ventialstion
