22.3 Adrenal Hormones Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 22.3 Adrenal Hormones Deck (46)
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1
Q

What is the function of the adrenal medulla?

A
  1. secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

2. participate with the sympathetic response system

2
Q

What type of hormones are secreted from the cortex of the adrenal gland directly in to the blood?

A
  1. mineralcorticoids
  2. glucocorticoids
  3. androgenic hormones
3
Q

What layer are the cortisol and androgens secreted from?

A
  1. cortex, made of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
4
Q

What area of the adrenal gland is the catecholamines secreted from?

A
  1. adrenal medulla
5
Q

What is the rate limiting step for forming corticosteroids from cholesterol?

A
  1. cholesterol desmolase
6
Q

What will increase the LDL receptors that will contribute to increasing the production of corticosteroids?

A
  1. Adrenocorticothyroid hormone, with angiotensin II increase conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
7
Q

What is the main glucocorticoid?

A

cortisol, generally released in response to stress

8
Q

WHat controls the release of cortisol?

A

adrenocortiotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. This upregulates its own receptor and will increase the release of cAMP/

9
Q

Where is cortisol secreted from?

A

zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex.

10
Q

When is cortisol highest in concentration and lowest in concentration?

A
  1. highest before waking

2. lowest in the evening

11
Q

What group of hormones can dehydroepiandrosteron and androstenedione clumped into?

A
  1. androgenic hormones
12
Q

18-carbon steroids have what type of activity?

A
  1. estrogenic activity
13
Q

19-carbon steroids have what type of activity?

A

testosterone activity

14
Q

Where are the androgenic hormones secreted from?

A

zona reticularis

15
Q

What can lack of aldosterone lead to?

A
  1. death due to lack of mineralocorticoids and electrolyte imbalance
16
Q

Why are mineralocorticoids important for survival?

A
  1. prevent increased levels of potassium, and loss of NaCl.
  2. this will prevent hypovolemic shock
  3. also prevents hyperkalemia and cardiac toxicity as secondary symptom/sign
17
Q

What is the effect of excess aldosterone secretion?

A
  1. increased arterial pressure
  2. hypokalemia, muscle weakness
  3. increas potassium transport into cell bodies generating alkalosis, by exchanging H ion for K ion in intercalated cells.
18
Q

What is the primary function of glucocorticoids?

A
  1. initiate gluconeogenesis.

2. increases lipolysis

19
Q

What is secreted from the zona glomerulosa?

A
  1. mineralocorticoids, regulate BP and electrolyte balance
20
Q

Corticosteroids are derivatives of what and attach to what?

A
  1. form from cholesterol and attach to coated pits
21
Q

What must be present to convert cholesterol to corticosteroids?

A
  1. sholesterol desmolase (rate limiting step) which produces pregnenolone in the mitochondria
22
Q

What can increase the activity of cholesterol desmolase?

A

ACTH, and angiotensin II. produce more pregnenolone

23
Q

What effect will mineralocorticoids have on electrolytes?

A
  1. sodium reabsorption increased
  2. hyperkalemia increases aldosterone
  3. aldosterone increases potassium secretion by kidney
  4. aldosterone increase H ion secretion by kidney
24
Q

What controls the secretion of mineralocorticoids?

A
  1. angiotensin II and potassium
25
Q

What is the major glucocorticoid?

A

cortisol

26
Q

What controls the release of glucocorticoids?

A
  1. Adrenocorticothyroid hormone, activate cAMP to increase stimulation of glucocorticoid secretion from the zona fasciculata
27
Q

Which hormone oscillates with circadian rhythm. is high in the morning and low before bed?

A

cortisol

28
Q

What is DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone?

A

precursor that becomes testosterone in the testis

29
Q

What must happen to precursors to form estrogen?

A

oxidation in the ovary which forms an 18-carbon steroid

30
Q

Which steroids are precursors for testosterone?

A

19-carbon steroids

31
Q

What can lack of aldosterone produce?

A
  1. hyperkalemia
  2. reduced ECF and blood volume
  3. hypovolemic shock
  4. rapid loss of sodium and chloride via urine
32
Q

What can excess aldosterone produce?

A
  1. increase ECF and blood volume
  2. hypokalemia/ muscle fatigue
  3. transport K ion into the cells
  4. cause alkalosis. due to exchange for Na ions in renal system
33
Q

What is the major overall effect of aldosterone?

A
  1. reabsorption of Na and secretion of K ions
34
Q

What are the 6 steps to promote sodium reabsorption via aldosterone?

A
  1. aldosterone diffuse into tubular epithelial cells
  2. combine with mineralocorticoid receptor protein
  3. receptor-hormone complex fuse into nucleus
  4. RNA is transcribed into Na-K ATPase pumps
  5. spithelial sodium channels transcribed
35
Q

What hormones can directly increase aldosterone secretions?

A
  1. increased K concentration
  2. increased angiotensin II
  3. ACTH required but independent of aldosterone secretion
36
Q

What hormone has little to no effect on the rate of secretion of aldosterone

A

adrenocorticothyroid hormone

37
Q

What is the main function of glucocorticoids?

A

stimulate gluconeogenesis, and can contribute to adrenal diabetes

38
Q

How do glucocorticoids resist inflammation?

A
  1. prevent release of serotonin and histamine
  2. block anaphylactic response
  3. block IL-2 production
  4. reduce eosinophils/lymphocytes in blood
39
Q

What is primary addison’s disease?

A

injury to adrenal cortex causing hypoadrenalism

40
Q

What is secondary addison’s disease?

A

impaired function of the pituitary gland causes hypoadrenalism

41
Q

What can a mineralocorticoid deficiency cause?

A
  1. hyponatremia, hypokalemia
  2. acidosis
  3. RBC increase
  4. reduced cardiac output
  5. metabolic acidosis
42
Q

What can a glucocorticoid deficiency cause?

A
  1. hypoglycemia
  2. protein and fat reduction
  3. weight loss
  4. muscle weakness
  5. stress suscpetibility
43
Q

What results in an uneven distribution of pigmentation across the skin?

A

melanin pigmentation abnormality from hypoadrenalism.Overproduced melanin stimulating hormone

44
Q

What is cushing’s disease?

A

hyperadrenalism

45
Q

What are causes of cushing’s disease?

A
  1. glucocorticoid
  2. pituitary gland adenoma
  3. hypothalamus abnormality
  4. adrenal cortex adenoma
  5. excess ACTH secretion
46
Q

What are common characteristics of cushing’s syndrome?

A
  1. moon face
  2. acne/hirsutism
  3. increased BG
  4. HTN
  5. protein catabolism