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Flashcards in The final Deck (51)
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1
Q

what are the effects of the active form of Vit D. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol?

A
  1. increase calcium and phosphate absorption in the kidneys, intestine and bones. Increasing extracellular fluid concentration and forming a feedback regulation.
2
Q

What domains are present on the Vit D receptors?

A

hormone binding and DNA binding domains

3
Q

What is required for Vitamin D to induce DNA transcription?

A

must form a complex with retinoid-X receptor in order for both to bind to DNA and induce trasncription. used as a control check point.

4
Q

Can vitamin cause activation of inhibition of DNA transcription when bound with the retinoid -X receptor?

A

Can induce activation and inhibition

5
Q

Where are the majority of vitamin D receptors located?

A
  1. most cells of the body in the nuclei of the cells
6
Q

What is calbindin?

A

calcium binding protein which is expressed in intestinal cells to increase calsium reabsorption

7
Q

Where does calbindin operate?

A

brush border of epithelial cells to move Calcium into the cell cytoplasm

8
Q

How does absorbed calcium migrate through the cell?

A

facilitated diffusion through the basolateral membrane

9
Q

WHat are characteristics of postganglionic sympathetic fibers?

A
  1. pass through the gray rami
  2. Type C
  3. 8% of fibers in the average nerve
  4. control blood vessel, piloerection, sweat glands
10
Q

Waht are splanchnic nerves?

A

preganglionic fibers and visceral sensory fibers that supply the abdominal viscera when synapsed in the prevertebral ganglia.

11
Q

Where do the greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves arise from?

A
  1. greater: T5-T9 synapse in celiac ganglion
  2. lesser: T10-T11 synapse in superior mesenteric ganglion
  3. least: T12 synapse in aorticorenal ganglion
12
Q

How many parasympathetic fibers are in the vagus nerve?

A

75%

13
Q

75% of all parasympathetic nerves are located where?

A

in the vagus nerve

14
Q

What are features of postganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

A
  1. they locate in the wall of an organ

2. they use Ach as neurotransmitter

15
Q

What is the funciton of the oculomotor nerve?

A
  1. provides muscular innervation to 4 of the 6 extrinsic eye muscle and levator palpebra superioris.
16
Q

What are the parasympathetic pathways of the ocuomotor nerve?

A
  1. preganglionic: from edinger-westphal nucleus to the ciliary ganglion
  2. postganglion: from ciliary ganglion to the sphincter pupillae muscle
17
Q

What is the function of teh facial nerve?

A
  1. facial expression

2. sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue.

18
Q

What are the pathways of the parasympathetics of the facial nerve?

A
  1. pre: from superior salivatory/lacrimal nuclei to submandibular/sublingual ganglia
  2. post: to the lacrimal gland, subandibular, sublingual, and mucous gland of mouth/nose
19
Q

What are the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  1. carry general sensation and sensation of taste from the posterior 1/3 of teh tongue.
20
Q

What are the parasympathetic pathways of teh glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  1. pre: from the inferior salivatory nucleus to the otic ganglion
  2. post: from otic ganglion to parotid gland
21
Q

What is the funciton of the vagus nerve?

A

1.muscle motor supply to 4th and 5th pharyngeal arches, swallowing and speaking.

22
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the vagus nerve?

A
  1. pre: from dorsal motor nucleus
  2. post: myenteric plexus of gut tube to left colic flexure.
  3. provide parasympathetics to thoracic and abdominal organs
23
Q

What is the entire course of the vagus nerve?

A
  1. parallels and innervates teh esophagus.
  2. posterior to each lung root
  3. pierce diaphragm at T10
  4. which point becomes gastric nerve
  5. supplies thoracic cavity viscera
24
Q

What is the entire process to form norepinephrine?

A
  1. tyrosine hydroxylated to dopa
  2. dopa decarboxylated to dopamine
  3. dopamine hydroxylated to norepinephrine(occurs in vesicles)
25
Q

How is epinephrine formed?

A
  1. 80% of norepinephrine is methylated to produce epinephrine.
26
Q

WHat are four methods that will remove norepinephrine?

A
  1. reuptake
  2. diffusion
  3. monamine oxidase used to destroy at nerve endings
  4. catechol-omethyl transferase present in all tissues
27
Q

What is the reason circulating norepinephrine has a much longer half-life than the ones located within tissue?

A

circulation has no catechol-o-methyl transferase therefore has increased half-life, until it enters a tissue or liver.

28
Q

Where are muscarininc acetylcholine receptors found?

A
  1. found on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons
29
Q

Where are nicotinic Ach receptors found?

A

autonomic ganglia at synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. also at skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction

30
Q

Alpha adrenergic receptors are generally excited by what NT?

A

alpha adrenergic receptor are stimulated by norepinephrine. beta receptors also at a lesser extent.

31
Q

What NT excites alpha and beta adrenergic receptors with equal stimulation?

A

epinephrine

32
Q

What are teh effects of activating alpha adrenergic receptors?

A

mostly contsticts. with pupil dilation.

Think of a fish, and pulling the tails in opposite direction, what happens to the “loop”

33
Q

What are the effects of activating Beta 1 adrenergic receptors?

A

tachycardia, increased contraction, lipolysis

Equivalent to More ENERGY

34
Q

What are the effects of Beta2 adrenergic receptor activation?

A

opposite of alpha 1. bronchdilation, glycogenolysis, uterus relaxation

35
Q

What are the effects of beta 3 adrenergic receptor activation?

A

thermogenesis. increase heat production processes.

36
Q

What are sympathomimetic drugs?

A
NEMPIA
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Methoxamine
Phenylephrine
Isoproterenol
Albuterol
37
Q

Which drugs are able to cause the release of norepinephrine?

A

ephedrine, tyramine, amphetamine

38
Q

What drugs block the adrenergic activity?

A

reserpine, guanethidine, phenoxybenzamine, propranolol, metoprolol, hexamethonium

39
Q

What are drugs that act on cholinergic effector organs?

A

parasympathomimetic drugs: pilocarpine/methacholine act directly on muscarinic receptors and are not rapidly destroyed

40
Q

What drugs inhibit acetylcholinesterase?

A

neostigmine, pyridostigmine, ambenonium

41
Q

What drugs block cholinergic activity?

A

atropine, homatropine, scopolamine

42
Q

Where are sperm stored until ejaculation?

A

epididymis

43
Q

How long do sperm remain in epididymis until they gain motility?

A

18-24 days

44
Q

Leydig cells produce what hormone?

A

testosterone

45
Q

When are leydig cells the most and least active?

A
  1. most: newborn male, and adult males

2. least: during chidhood until puberty

46
Q

How is testosterone transported after secreted?

A
  1. bound to albumin of with beta globulin. it will be trasnferred to tissue or degraded into inactive subsequent products.
47
Q

What is most testosterone converted to when it enters tissue?

A

dihydrotestosterone, with high concentration to prostate and external genitalia during development

48
Q

What is the fate of testosterone that is not fixed int he liver?

A
  1. converted to androsterone and dehydroepiandroesterone in the liver
  2. conjugated as glucuronides or sulfate
  3. excreted into gut as bile or urine
49
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A

locate in seminiferous tubules, surround primary spermatocytes to mature sperm. help form estrogen from testosterone

50
Q

What controls the number of cells of leydig and their secretions?

A

FSH and LH can control the spermatogenesis. both are from the ant.pituitary gland.

51
Q

What is contained in the mucoid material secreted from the seminal vesicles?

A
  1. fructose, citric acid, nutrients, prostaglandins, fibrinogen