26 B (Digestive System)

Question 1

list the 3 layers of muscularis tunic

Answer 1

(1) longitudinal layer (outer)
(2) circular layer (middle)
(3) oblique layer (inner)

Question 2

what is the function of the muscularis tunics?

Answer 2

mix contents & break apart into smaller pieces for chemical digestion

Question 3

pasty semisolid mixture when bolus mixes with gastric acid

Answer 3

chyme

Question 4

name the regions of the stomach

Answer 4

(1) cardia
(2) fundus
(3) body
(4) pyloris

Question 5

this region lies inferior to the heart

Answer 5

cardia

Question 6

this region is a superior dome shape

Answer 6

fundus

Question 7

this region is a majority of the stomach

Answer 7

body

Question 8

this structure prevents back flow

Answer 8

pyloric sphincter

Question 9

inferior convex border of stomach

Answer 9

greater curvature

Question 10

superior concave border of stomach

Answer 10

lesser curvature

Question 11

gastric folds on the internal surface of the stomach

Answer 11

rugae

Question 12

extends inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of stomach & covers most abdominal organs

Answer 12

greater omentum

Question 13

connects lesser curvature of the stomach & proximal ends of small intestine to the liver

Answer 13

lesser omentum

Question 14

this condition is the result of reflux acid from the stomach moving into the the esophagus, irritating the mucosa

Answer 14

heartburn

Question 15

weak spot in diaphragm allows stomach to move upward

Answer 15

hiatal hernia

Question 16

finishes chemical digestion & is site for nutrient absorption

Answer 16

small intestine

Question 17

name the specific segments of the small intestine

Answer 17

(1) duodenum
(2) jejunum
(3) ileum

Question 18

this is a C-shaped structure that originates at the pyloric sphincter, and receives bile to emulsify fat & pancreatic secretions for digestion

Answer 18

duodenum

Question 19

this is the middle portion of the small intestine & is primarily the region for chemical digestion & nutrient absorption

Answer 19

jejunum

Question 20

this is the final segment of small intestine, its distal end terminating at the ileocecal valve

Answer 20

ileum

Question 21

sphincter that controls the entry of materials into the large intestine

Answer 21

ileocecal valve

Question 22

what do mucosal & submucosal tunics form?

Answer 22

circular folds/plicae circularis

Question 23

microscopic finger like projections on surface of the circular folds

Answer 23

villi

Question 24

finger like projections on the surface of villi

Answer 24

microvilli

Question 25

this forms a three sided perimeter around the small intestine

Answer 25

large intestine

Question 26

what are the functions of the large intestine?

Answer 26

(1) fluid, ion absorption (2) compacts indigestible wastes & turns into feces (3) stores feces until defectation

Question 27

the longitudinal muscle forms bundles called

Answer 27

teniae coli

Question 28

the contraction of teniae coli bunch up large intestine into many sacs called

Answer 28

haustra

Question 29

name the structures of the large intestine

Answer 29

(1) cecum (2) ascending colon (3) transverse colon (4) descending colon (5) sigmoid colon (6) rectum (7) anal canal

Question 30

sac located in lower right quadrant of abdomen

Answer 30

cecum

Question 31

right lateral border of abdomen, makes 90 degree turn to left

Answer 31

ascending colon

Question 32

originates at right colic flexure, approaches spleen in upper left abdominal quadrant & makes 90 degree turn inferiorly at the spleen

Answer 32

transverse colon

Question 33

originates at the left colic flexure, terminates the sigmoid colon & terminates as the rectum

Answer 33

descending colon

Question 34

muscular tube that readily expands to store accumulated fecal material prior to defecation

Answer 34

rectum

Question 35

last few centimeters of the large intestine that passes through an opening in the muscles of the pelvic floor

Answer 35

anal canal

Question 36

these structures relax during defecation

Answer 36

internal & external anal sphincters

Question 37

infected & swollen appendix

Answer 37

appendicitis

Question 38

this condition occurs if excess water is left in the intestine

Answer 38

diarrhea

Question 39

occurs if too much water is reclaimed by the intestine

Answer 39

constipation

Question 40

development of sac-like appendages along the length of the colon

Answer 40

diverticulosis

Question 41

inflammation of the diverticula

Answer 41

diverticulitis

Question 42

what organs are considered accessory digestive organs?

Answer 42

(1) liver (2) gallbladder (3) pancreas (4) biliary apparatus

Question 43

what are functions of the liver?

Answer 43

(1) filters toxins from the blood (2) breaks down old red blood cells (3) produces bile

Question 44

where is the liver located?

Answer 44

in the right quadrant of the abdomen

Question 45

what are the left & right lobes of the liver separated by?

Answer 45

falciform ligament

Question 46

these lobes of the liver are considered subdivisions of the right lobe

Answer 46

caudate & quadrate lobe

Question 47

carries nutrient-rich blood from GI tract capillaries, spleen & pancreas to the liver

Answer 47

hepatic portal vein

Question 48

carries oxygen-rich blood to the river

Answer 48

hepatic artery

Question 49

empties into the inferior vena cava

Answer 49

hepatic veins

Question 50

this organ arises from the inferior surface of the liver

Answer 50

gallbladder

Question 51

what is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 51

stores & concentrates bile

Question 52

emulisfying agent for digestion of fats in small intestine

Answer 52

bile

Question 53

network of thin ducts that transport bile from liver & gallbladder to duodenum

Answer 53

biliary apparatus

Question 54

name the ducts associated with the biliary apparatus

Answer 54

(1) cystic duct - from gallbladder (2) common hepatic duct - from liver (3) common bile duct - junction of cystic & common hepatic

Question 55

what functions does the pancreas have?

Answer 55

endocrine & exocrine functions

Question 56

production & secretion of insulin & glucagon

Answer 56

endocrine functions

Question 57

production of pancreatic juice/enzymes

Answer 57

exocrine functions

Question 58

yellowing of skin, conjunctiva & mucous membranes due to deposits of bilirubin

Answer 58

jaundice

Question 59

what are different types of jaundice?

Answer 59

obstructive, hemolytic, physiologic

Question 60

bile ducts are obstructed by gall stones, so bile cannot drain out of liver and overflows into blood

Answer 60

obstructive jaundice

Question 61

red blood cells are broken down into large quantities

Answer 61

hemolytic jaundice

Question 62

immature liver cannot excrete the bilirubin as quickly as it is being formed

Answer 62

physiologic jaundice