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HHP 1100 Terms > Ch 25B (Respiratory Tract) > Flashcards

Ch 25B (Respiratory Tract) Flashcards

1
Q

the trachea splits into

A

right & left main bronchi

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2
Q

what do bronchiole walls have instead of cartilage?

A

thick layer of smooth muscle

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3
Q

what does the bronchiole walls help with?

A

bronchoconstriction & bronchodilation control

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4
Q

what does the final segments of conducting pathway consist of?

A

terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

name the structures associated with the respiratory portion

A

(1) terminal bronchioles
(2) resp. bronchioles
(3) alveolar ducts
(4) alveolar sac
(5) alveoli

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6
Q

alveolar wall is formed from what types of cells?

A

alveolar type I and II cells

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7
Q

what does the structure of alveolar type I cells consist of

A

simple squamous epithelial

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8
Q

describe the shape of alveolar type II cells

A

cuboidal

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9
Q

what does alveolar type II cells produce?

A

pulmonary surfactant

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10
Q

what does pulmonary surfactant do?

A

decreases surface tension within alveolus & prevent collapse

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11
Q

the underdevelopment of surfactant cells in premature babies is a condition called

A

infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

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12
Q

thin wall between alveolar lumen & the blood across which gases diffuse

A

respiratory membrane

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13
Q

name the types of pleura structure(s)

A

(1) visceral
(2) parietal
(3) pleural cavity

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14
Q

unlike the heart, the apex of the lung is

A

superior to the base

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15
Q

superficial region of lungs

A

costal surface

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16
Q

medial region of lungs

A

mediastinal surface

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17
Q

indentation on medial surface

A

hilum

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18
Q

which lung is slightly smaller and why?

A

the left lung–to accommodate for the heart

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19
Q

indentation on the left lung’s border

A

cardiac notch

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20
Q

divides the lung into superior & inferior lobes

A

oblique fissure

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21
Q

what structure does the right lung have that the left lung does not?

A

horizontal fissure

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22
Q

how many BP segments does the right lung have?

A

10

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23
Q

how many BP segments does the left lung have?

A

8-10

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24
Q

what is each BP segment supplied by?

A

its own tertiary bronchus & branch of pulmonary artery & vein

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25
Q

what surrounds and isolates the BP segments from one another?

A

connective tissue

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26
Q

movement of air in & out of the respiratory system

A

pulmonary ventilation/breathing

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27
Q

list the processes of gas exchange

A

(1) pulmonary ventilation
(2) alveolar gas exchange
(3) gas transport in blood
(4) systemic gas exchange

28
Q

exchanges gases between atmosphere & blood

A

external respiration

29
Q

exchanges gases between blood & body cells

A

internal respiration

30
Q

what is the relationship between volume & pressure

A

they are inversely related

31
Q

describe the general flow of inhalation

A

(1) increase thoracic cavity volume
(2) decrease intra pul. pressure
(3) air flows into lungs

32
Q

describe the general flow of exhalation

A

(1) decrease thoracic cavity volume
(2) increase intra pul. pressure
(3) air flows out of lungs

33
Q

this change in the thoracic cavity results from diaphragm movement

A

vertical changes

34
Q

this change in the thoracic cavity results from rib cage elevation/depression

A

lateral changes

35
Q

this change in the thoracic cavity results from sternum moving

A

anterior/posterior changes

36
Q

what muscles are involved with quiet breathing?

A

diaphragm & external intercostals

37
Q

what muscles are involved with forced inhalation?

A

(1) sternocleidomastoid
(2) scalenes
(3) pectoralis minor
(4) serratus posterior superior
(5) erector spinae

38
Q

what muscles are involved with forced exhalation?

A

(1) internal intercostals
(2) abdominal muscles
(3) transverse thoracis
(4) serratus posterior inferior

39
Q

contractions during hard exhalation & decrease thoracic volume

A

forced exhalation

40
Q

allows deeper inspirations by increasing thoracic cavity expansion

A

forced inhalation

41
Q

typical inhalation & exhalation

A

quiet breathing

42
Q

normal breathing

A

eupnea

43
Q

shallow breathing

A

costal breathing

44
Q

deep breathing

A

diaphragmatic breathing

45
Q

forced breathing

A

hyperepnea

46
Q

what does mucous do?

A

eliminates foreign particles to purify inhaled air

47
Q

what is the impact of inhaling tobacco smoke?

A

it irritates epithelial cells & destroys macrophages

48
Q

what does cigarette smoke inhalation increase the risk of?

A

asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis

49
Q

caused by a virus that enters the cells of the upper respiratory tract

A

common cold

50
Q

how is the common cold spread?

A

mucous droplets containing the virus

51
Q

what are symptoms of the common cold?

A

(1) stuffy nose
(2) scratchy throat
(3) headache
(4) sneezing
(5) coughing

52
Q

this condition can be bacterial or viral, causes fluid buildup in the alveoli

A

pneumonia

53
Q

this condition can be bacterial or viral, heavy mucous discharge & persistent cough

A

bronchitis

54
Q

this condition is compromised airflow due to inflammation, mucous secretion & bronchoconstriction

A

asthma

55
Q

what are some symptoms of asthma?

A

wheezing & shortness of breath

56
Q

this condition is caused by brittle alveoli that eventually rupture

A

emphysema

57
Q

this condition causes the lungs to form fibrous CT, making it less elastic and inefficient

A

pulmonary fibrosis

58
Q

what causes pulmonary fibrosis?

A

inhalation of harmful particles (i.e asbestos, coal dust)

59
Q

what structures are within the mediastinal surface of the lung?

A

(1) bronchi
(2) pulmonary vessels
(3) lymphatic vessels
(4) nerves

60
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

volume of air moved in & out w/ each breath

61
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

volume of air that can be moved in & out of lungs with single maximal breath

62
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

volume of air that can be inhaled beyond a single tidal inspiration

63
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

volume of air that can be exhaled beyond a single tidal exhalation

64
Q

what is residual volume?

A

volume of air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation

65
Q

what is total lung capacity?

A

vital capacity + residual volume

HHP 1100 Terms (15 decks)

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