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27 Flashcards

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1
Q

failure to regulate gene expression correctly can

A

drastically alter phenotype

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2
Q

small flowering plant native to eurasia and africa- weed- roadsides and disturbed land

A

arabidopid thaliana
thale cress
mouse ear cress

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3
Q

AG

A

agamous

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4
Q

what does AG do

A

controls many reproductive developmental processes by activating or repressing its 2000 direct targets

required for determinacy

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5
Q

flowers of the ag mutatn

A

have delyayed termination of the floral meristem
leads to flowers within flowers

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6
Q

superman

A

transcriptional repressor

represses expansion of floral meristem
controls floral meristem determinncy thorugh repressing auxin biosynthesis

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7
Q

what are the two phenotypes of the arabidopid thalinana

A

aganous and superman

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8
Q

repression in euk and bacteria

A

not common in euk

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9
Q

activation in bacteria and euk

A

prime mechanism in euk

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10
Q

ergulatory proteins in euk and bact

A

often require helper proteins in euk

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11
Q

regulatory factors in euk

A

there can be multiple

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12
Q

distance regulation in euk and bact

A

over long distances in euk

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13
Q

compartmentalization in euk and bact

A

occurs in euk

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14
Q

regulator DNA sequences in euk

A

three in euk

enhacner region
proximal element
core promoter

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15
Q

what does developemntal cell lineage/ specific regulation of gene expression rely on in euk

A

on gene proximal elements (promoters, enhancers and silencers) AS WELL AS long range interactions of various cis regulatory elements an dynamic chormatin alternations

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16
Q

combanitorail regulation of gene expression

A

when an organism needs to respond to many diff signal sat the same time

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17
Q

what does the outcome of competing networks depend on

A

the supply and strength of opposing regulators

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18
Q

what is combanitorial reg of gene expression require

A

actino of network of signals and sometimes competing network of signals

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19
Q

how do euk regulators control expression

A

by recruiting coactivators and co repressors

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20
Q

co activators and corepressors how do they work

A

cant bind to DNA themselves by they are recruited by specific DNA binding protiens which cant regulate themselves bu can recruit these co activators and repressors to regulate (helper proteins)

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21
Q

majority of regulators in euk

A

activators

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22
Q

Ume6 regulator

Study These Flashcards
A

yeast
responds to nutritional cues such as glucose, nitrogenm inisitol, and can activate or repress transcription

its effects are a conseequence of its effects on chromatin structure

23
Q

Ume6 with enouc N and C

Study These Flashcards
A

represses transcription by binding DNA and recruiting corepressors Sin3, Rpd3, Isw2

24
Q

sin3/rpb3

Study These Flashcards
A

histone deacetylase to give more compact inactive cromatin

25
isw2
nucleosome remodelling enzyme
26
ume6 in absence of N and C
activates transcription absence of nutrients phosphorylates ume6 sin3/rpd3 dissociate coavtivator ime1 recruited
27
ime
inducer of meiosis
28
rme
regulator of meiosis
29
what sequences are recognized by activators
UAS- upstream activating sequences
30
what do activators require
helper proteins
31
what can a promoter be regulated by
more than one regulatory factor
32
how is lactose metabolized
cleaved into B-D-galalctose and D galactose
33
how is B D galactose metabolized
by galactose mutarotase into a D galactopyranose
34
when are galactose metabolism genes expressed
when galactose is present
35
galactose is present in yeast, what happnes
galactose metabolsim gene xepresion activated Gal4 activator protein required which recruits SAGA complex as coactivator together they recruit the mediator which promotes assemble of the initiation complex
36
no galactose present what happnes
gal80 binds to gal4 prevenitng it from interacting with the SAGA copmelx
37
co repressor of gal4
gal80
38
how does galactose trigger the activation of this sytem
gal3 is the galactose binding protein that sense galactose but it is only found in the cytoplasm it also binds with gal 80 wehn galactose is present (gal3(galactose) sequesters gal 80 in the cytoplasm) so gal80 cant enter the nucleus to supress galactose metabolism genes
39
what does the mediator when recruited by SAGA and gal 4 do
helps TBP bind at the promoter
40
how can the activity of an activator or repressor be regulated
by synth of a new gene cleavage from a precursor proprotein modification of existing protien (ume6 phosphorylation) binding with corrrect helper protein partenr (ume6 with sin3 etc) counteracting inhibititor that sequesters regulator in cytopaslm (gal3 bidnign to gal80) binding of a ligand (galactose to gal 3)
41
when does transcriptional silencing occur on a large scale
wehna large chormosomal regions are not trasncribed for long periods of time, perhaps many cell divisions (epigenic inheritance)
42
what is trancriptional silenving due to
changes in chormatin structure
43
euchromatin
trasncriptionally active
44
heterochromatin
generally silent
45
what do changes in chromatin structure happen from
the action of silencing information regulator (sir) proteins
46
gene silcening on a small scale
by modifying the state of chromatin individual genes that can be turned on of off due to DNA methylation
47
DNA methylation mediated transcriptional silencing example
IGF2 (dad) and H19 (mom) genes near each other on human chromosome 11 activated by same enhancer element
48
what determines the pattern of gene silencing due to methylation in IGF2 and H19
binding of CTCF protein to the ICR and methylation sttae of the ICR
49
gene silencing by methylation in paternal cells
H19 promoter is methylated and transcription of H19 is blocked ICR is methylated in paternal chromosome CTCF protein cannot bind to ICR regulator proteins bound to enhancer activtae IGF2
50
gene silencing by methylation in maternal cells
H19 promoter not methylated and H19 transcription can take place ICR not methylated CTCF binds to ICR and acts as insulator preventing exression of IGF2 reglator prtoeins bound to enhancer stimulate trancrption at H19 but prevented from activating IGF2
51
trancriptional activatinon is thought to be madiated by
looping of DNA and determined by acess of blocking the enhancer bound proteins
52
beckwith wiedmemann syndrom
IGF2 expresed from both copies of chr 11, no H19 expression ovegrowth disorder ususally present at birth characterized by inc risk of childhood cancer and certain congenital features
53
what does CTCF do
transcrptional activator, reressor and insulator, and can pause transcription binds to chromatin domain boundaries at enhancer sand gene promotoers and inside gene bodies can attract many transcription fctors to chromatin inducing tissue specific actiators, repressors, cohesin and RNA pol II and it forms chromatin loops unpreditable: depends on associated factors, location relative of TSS of a gene, sites engaemts in chromatin loops with other CTCF bs, enhances, promotesr

3207 (21 decks)

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