supplementary

Question 1

Answer 1

Adenine

Question 2

Answer 2

Cytosine

Question 3

Answer 3

Guanine

Question 4

Answer 4

Uracil

Question 5

Answer 5

Thymine

Question 6

what are the structural forms of nucleic acids

Answer 6

A,B, AND Z

Question 7

what do DNA double helices contain

Answer 7

A and B

Question 8

what is found in RNA double helices

Answer 8

only A type

Question 9

Y

Answer 9

pyrimidine

Question 10

R

Answer 10

purine

Question 11

W

Answer 11

weak- A OR T

Question 12

S

Answer 12

strong- C or G

Question 13

K

Answer 13

KETO- T OR G

Question 14

M

Answer 14

AMINO- A OR C

Question 15

what do enxymes do in nulceophilic reactions

Answer 15

provide groups that encourage electron movement by acting as acids or bases anad acid base catalasys

Question 16

what did rosalind franklin use

Answer 16

dry dna fibres and saw suggestion of helical structures then used wetter fibres and labelled the two structures A and B

Question 17

what differentiates A from B fibres

Answer 17

B contain a spine of water hydration in the minor groove and chiral network of water in the major groove

A are broader
A dont have mino groove
B have minor and major grooves of equal depth
B have wider more open major groove

Question 18

what displays c3’ endo

Answer 18

rna and dna

Question 19

what displays c2’ endo

Answer 19

only DNA

Question 20

where is Z type fibre found

Answer 20

in GC rich DNA

Question 21

left handed double helix

Answer 21

Z

Question 22

why is RNA A

Answer 22

bc of steric hindrance bw 2’OH and phosphate

2’OH phacilitates reactions that can break phosphodiester bonds

Question 23

where are promoters located

Answer 23

just upstream of the trascription start site

Question 24

why are not all positons in promoters equally consevred

Answer 24

bc they are not as important in definnig the promoter and its interction with RNA polymerase

Question 25

how well RNA pol recognizes and binds to its promoter

Answer 25

promoter strength

Question 26

what happens if a promoter is stronger

Answer 26

the higher the rate of transcription it supports

Question 27

mutations that make a promoter more like the consensus

Answer 27

UP mutations

Question 28

mutations that make promoter look less like consensus

Answer 28

DOWN mutations

Question 29

proved the existence of introns

Answer 29

mapping the 5' ends of the euk adenovirus mRNA

Question 30

proved that RNA splicing occured

Answer 30

looking for in vitro transcription in the ciliate tetrachyma characterizing the enzymatic acivity of ecol ribonuclease P

Question 31

Answer 31

Imino adenine

Question 32

Answer 32

Imino cytosine

Question 33

Answer 33

Enol guanine

Question 34

Answer 34

Enol thymine

Question 35

process of split gene discovery

Answer 35

isolate adenovirus mRNA from infected cells isoltae DNA restriction fragment from adenovirus DNA denature DNA and allow annealing with mRNA

Question 36

result of sharp and roberts experiment

Answer 36

saw expected 3' tails and unexpected 5' tails which were uniform that didnt bind to anything hybridize with a second restriction fragment and still doesnt bind with everythning

Question 37

surprises in intron discovery

Answer 37

unnacoutned for 5' tails are mapped to 3 diff places on the genome and all 5' tails consisted of same three distinct RNA transcribed regions

Question 38

hnRNA

Answer 38

heterogenous RNA

Question 39

why did tom cech want to study tetrachymena

Answer 39

bc they rDNA genes are amplified ten thousnad times so they trascribe rDNA at high levels

Question 40

what did tom cech do step by step

Answer 40

isolated tetahumena macronuceli incubated with NTPs, salts, reactino buffer, and a amantin examined products by gel electrophoresis

Question 41

isolation of tetrahymena macronuclei

Answer 41

provides RNA pol and rDNA

Question 42

incubated NTPs, salts, and a amantin

Answer 42

labelled on of the NTPs standard tranctiption buffer with suitable conc of salts a amantin supressed all trasncription except that by RNA pol I

Question 43

what was the result of tom cechs experiment

Answer 43

expected RNA- 26s and small accumulated 9s RNA

Question 44

what did art zaug do step by step

Answer 44

used pre rRNA and nuclear extracts isolated it from macronuclei using SDS pheol extraction incubated with NTPs, slats, adn nuclear extracts adn omited the nuclear extrct in the control reactions

Question 45

result of art zaug

Answer 45

saw splcing even in tubes containing no nuclear extract removal of ATP, CTP, and TTP had no effect but GTP was required and guanosine nucleoside was sufficeint he also saw that there was guanines in the 5' end of the spliced intron

Question 46

what does ribonuclease P do

Answer 46

active in processing the 5' leader sequence of precursor tRNAs

Question 47

what is RNaseP made of

Answer 47

protein and M1 RNA

Question 48

what is the M1 RNA reaction dependant on

Answer 48

Mg2+