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AP Psychology > Chapter 5 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Vocab Flashcards

0
Q

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

A

Perception

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1
Q

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information

A

Bottom-up processing

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3
Q

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

A

Top-down processing

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4
Q

Fatigue of perception, complete sensation but incomplete perception inability to top-down process

A

Prosopagnosia

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5
Q

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them

A

Psychophysics

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6
Q

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

A

Absolute threshold

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7
Q

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue

A

Signal detection theory

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8
Q

Below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness

A

Subliminal

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9
Q

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory, or response

A

Priming

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10
Q

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference

A

Difference threshold

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11
Q

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

A

Weber’s Law

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12
Q

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

A

Sensory adaptation

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13
Q

Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.

A

Transduction

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14
Q

The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the shirt blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission

A

Wavelength

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15
Q

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth

A

Hue

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16
Q

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude

A

Intensity

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17
Q

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

A

Pupil

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18
Q

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

A

Iris

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19
Q

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

A

Lens

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20
Q

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

A

Accommodation

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21
Q

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

A

Retina

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22
Q

The sharpness of vision

A

Acuity

23
Q

A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than near objects distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina

A

Nearsightedness

24
Q

A condition in which far away objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina

A

Farsightedness

25
Q

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond

A

Rods

26
Q

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

A

Cones

27
Q

…

A

Bipolar Cells

28
Q

…

A

Ganglion Cells

29
Q

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

A

Optic nerve

30
Q

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there

A

Blind spot

31
Q

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

A

Fovea

32
Q

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

A

Feature detectors

33
Q

The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions.

A

Parallel processing

34
Q

Blindness in part of the field of vision due to destruction in the visual cortex

A

Blindsight

35
Q

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color

A

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

36
Q

The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision.

A

Opponent-process theory

37
Q

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

A

Color constancy

38
Q

The sense or act of hearing

A

Audition

39
Q

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

A

Frequency

40
Q

A tones experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

A

Pitch

41
Q

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval window

A

Middle ear

42
Q

A coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

A

Cochlea

43
Q

…

A

Cilia

44
Q

The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

A

Inner ear

45
Q

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membranes is stimulated

A

Place theory

46
Q

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it’s pitch

A

Frequency theory

47
Q

Heating loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

A

Conduction hearing loss

48
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves, also called nerve deafness

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

49
Q

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

A

Cochlear implants

50
Q

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

A

Gate-control theory

51
Q

The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences it’s taste

A

Sensory interaction

52
Q

…

A

McGurk Effect

53
Q

…

A

Olfaction

54
Q

…

A

Synesthesia

55
Q

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

A

Kinesthesis

56
Q

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

A

Vestibular Sense

AP Psychology (25 decks)

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