Chapter 10

Question 0

Concepts

Answer 0

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 2

Prototype

Answer 2

A mental image or best example of a category or concept

Question 3

Algorithm

Answer 3

Step by step procedures that guarantees a solution

Question 4

Heuristic

Answer 4

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithm

Question 5

Insight

Answer 5

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Question 6

Confirmation Bias

Answer 6

A tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions

Question 7

Fixation

Answer 7

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving

Question 8

Mental Set

Answer 8

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Question 9

Functional Fixedness

Answer 9

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

Question 10

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 10

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they see, to represent, or match, particular prototypes

Question 11

Availability Heuristic

Answer 11

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

Question 12

Overconfidence

Answer 12

The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgements

Question 13

Framing

Answer 13

The way an issue is posed now an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Question 14

Belief Bias

Answer 14

The tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning

Question 15

Belief perseverance

Answer 15

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been credited

Question 16

Language

Answer 16

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 17

Phoneme

Answer 17

The smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 18

Morpheme

Answer 18

Smallest unit that carries meaning; word or part of a word

Question 19

Grammar

Answer 19

A system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Question 20

Semantics

Answer 20

Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language, study of meaning

Question 21

Syntax

Answer 21

Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Question 22

Babbling stage

Answer 22

Begins at about 4 months; stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to household language

Question 23

One-word Stage

Answer 23

Stage in speech development, 1-2yo., during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Question 24

Two-word stage

Answer 24

Beginning at about 2yo., stage if speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

Question 25

Telegraphic speech

Answer 25

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words

Question 26

Noam Chomsky

Answer 26

One of the most famous linguists of all time

Question 27

Linguistic Determinism

Answer 27

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think