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AP Psychology > Chapter Seven > Flashcards

Chapter Seven Flashcards

0
Q

Biological Rhythms

A

Periodic physiological fluctuations.

Includes: annual cycles; 28 day cycles; 24 hour cycles; 90 minute cycles

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

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2
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (like temperature, wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle

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3
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A

A pair of pinhead-sized clusters of 20,000 cells that control the circadian clock

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4
Q

Melatonin

A

Sleep-inducing hormone produced by the brain’s pineal gland

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5
Q

Adenosine

A

Chemical that inhibits certain neurons, making us sleepy

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6
Q

REM (Rapid Eye Movement Sleep)

A

A recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also called paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed while other body systems are active.

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7
Q

Alpha Waves

A

The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

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8
Q

Sleep

A

Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

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9
Q

Hallucinations

A

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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10
Q

Hypnagogic Sensations

A

Life-like hallucinations that occur shortly after falling asleep (stage 1), such as the feeling of falling or floating

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11
Q

Sleep Spindles

A

Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity occurring in stage 2

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12
Q

Delta Waves

A

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

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13
Q

Insomnia

A

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

Affects 10-15% of adults.

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14
Q

Narcolepsy (“numbness seizure”)

A

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
Affects 1 in 2000.

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15
Q

Hypocretin

A

A neurotransmitter released by the hypothalamus that, when absent, causes narcolepsy

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16
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
Affects 1 in 20.

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17
Q

Night Terrors

A

A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within 2-3 of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

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18
Q

Dream

A

A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

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19
Q

Lucid Dream

A

Dreams in which the dreamer is aware they are dreaming

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20
Q

Manifest Content

A

According to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)

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21
Q

Latent Content

A

According the Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream’s latent content functions as a safety valve.

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22
Q

REM Rebound

A

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

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23
Q

Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment Dream Theory

A

Dreams provide a “psychic safety valve”- expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content- a hidden meaning.
Lacks any scientific support; dreams may be interpreted in many different ways.

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24
Q

Information-Processing Dream Theory

A

Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories.
Poses the question: Why do we sometimes dream about things we haven’t experienced?

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25
Q

Physiological Function Dream Theory

A

Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways.
This may be true, but it doesn’t explain why we experience meaningful dreams.

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26
Q

Activation-Synthesis Dream Theory

A

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories.
The individual’s brain is weaving the stories, which still tells us something about the dreamer.

27
Q

Cognitive Dream Theory

A

Dream content reflects the dreamer’s cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding.
This theory doesn’t address the neuroscience of dreams.

28
Q

Hypnosis

A

A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

29
Q

Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)

A

Austrian physician who mistook hypnotism for “animal magnetism”, causing Benjamin Franklin to equate hypnotism with quackery

30
Q

Hypnotic Ability

A

The ability to focus attention totally on a task, to become imaginatively absorbed in it, to entertain fanciful possibilities

31
Q

Age Regression

A

Hypnotic effect that involves recalling or reenacting your childhood.
60 years of research dispute age regression claims.

32
Q

Posthypnotic Suggestion

A

A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

33
Q

Dissociation

A

A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

34
Q

Social Influence Theory

A

By Theodore Barber

Attention is diverted as the subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that they ignore the present stimulus

35
Q

Divided-Consciousness Theory

A

Made by Ernest Hilgard, an American psychologist.

Suggests that attention is diverted as hypnosis causes a split in awareness.

36
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A

A chemical substance that alters perception and mood

37
Q

Tolerance

A

The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

38
Q

Neuroadaptation

A

When the brain adapts its chemistry to offset the effect of a drug

39
Q

Withdrawal

A

The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

40
Q

Physical Dependence

A

A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

41
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

42
Q

Addiction

A

Compulsive drug craving and use

43
Q

Depressants

A

Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

44
Q

Barbiturates

A

AKA tranquilizers/sedatives

Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

45
Q

Opiates

A

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphs and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

46
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

47
Q

Amphetamines

A

Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

48
Q

Methamphetamine

A

A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline do
Amine levels

49
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA)

[Methylenedioxymethamphetamine]

A

A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

50
Q

Hallucinogens/Psychedelics

A

Drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

51
Q

LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)

A

A powerful hallucinogenic drug created by chemist Albert Hoffman in 1943

52
Q

THC (Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol)

A

The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
Lingers in the body for a month, meaning regular users may achieve a high with smaller amounts of marijuana than occasional users need.

53
Q

Alcohol

A

Depressant
Initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition
Can cause depression, memory loss, organ damage, and impaired reactions

54
Q

Heroin

A

Depressant
Rush of euphoria, relief from pain
Can cause depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal

55
Q

Caffeine

A

Stimulant
Increased alertness and wakefulness
Can cause anxiety, restlessness, insomnia in high doses, uncomfortable withdrawal

56
Q

Methamphetamine (“Speed”, “Ice”)

A

Stimulant
Euphoria, alertness, energy
Can cause irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures

57
Q

Cocaine

A

Stimulant
Rush of euphoria, confidence, energy
Can cause cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash

58
Q

Nicotine

A

Stimulant
Arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being
Can cause heart disease, cancer (from tars)

59
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA)

A

Stimulant; Mild hallucinogen
Emotional elevation, disinhibition
Can cause dehydration, overheating, and depressed mood, cognitive, and immune functioning

60
Q

Marijuana

A

Mild hallucinogen
Enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation
Can cause impaired learning and memory, increased risk of psychological disorders, lung damage from smoke

61
Q

Dopamine Reward Circuit

A

A brain pleasure pathway that uses addictive chemicals to command it and boost its activity. When you become tolerant to a drug, you no longer experience euphoria- the drug merely lifts the circuit out of depression and back to normal.

62
Q

6 Warning Signs of Alcoholism

A

° drinking binges
° regretting things said/done when drunk
° feeling low/guilty after drinking
° failing to honor a resolve to drink less
° drinking to alleviate depression/anxiety
° avoiding family/friends when drinking

63
Q

Near Death Experience

A

An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

64
Q

Dualism

A

The presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

65
Q

Monism

A

The presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing

AP Psychology (18 decks)

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