Chapter Sixteen

Question 0

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Answer 0

A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of 3 key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Question 1

Psychological Disorder

Answer 1

Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavioral patterns

Question 2

Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)

Answer 2

Said madness was not demonic possession (as everyone had thought) but rather it was a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses and inhumane conditions

Question 3

Medical Model

Answer 3

The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital.

Question 4

DSM-IV

Answer 4

The American Psychiatric Association’s “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” (Fourth Edition), a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Presently distributed in an updated “text-revision” (DSM-IV-TR)

Question 5

______ create preconceptions that guide our perceptions and interpretations.

Answer 5

Labels

Question 6

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 6

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Question 7

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Answer 7

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Question 8

Panic Disorder

Answer 8

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

Question 9

Agoraphobia

Answer 9

Fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes

Question 10

Phobia

Answer 10

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

Question 11

Social Phobia

Answer 11

An intense fear of being scrutinized by others

Question 12

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Answer 12

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Question 13

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Answer 13

An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that linger for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Question 14

The _____ ________ ______, a brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors, seems especially likely to be hyperactive in those with OCD.

Answer 14

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Question 15

Dissociative Disorders

Answer 15

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Question 16

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Answer 16

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also known as multiple personality disorder.

Question 17

Mood Disorders

Answer 17

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.
ex: major depressive disorder, mania, bipolar disorder

Question 18

Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 18

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

Question 19

Mania

Answer 19

A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Question 20

Bipolar Disorder

Answer 20

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.

Question 21

Norepinephrine is _____ during mania but ______ during depression

Answer 21

Abundant; Scarce

Question 22

______ is scarce during depression

Answer 22

Serotonin

Question 23

Schizophrenia

Answer 23

Literally meaning “split mind,” schizophrenia is a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.

Question 24

Delusions

Answer 24

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Question 25

Personality Disorders

Answer 25

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Question 26

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Answer 26

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, event toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.