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AP Psychology > Chapter Nine > Flashcards

Chapter Nine Flashcards

0
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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1
Q

Memory

A

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

Encoding

A

The processing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning

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3
Q

Storage

A

The retention of encoded information over time

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of getting information out of memory storage

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5
Q

Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin’s 3 Stage Processing consists of…

A

Sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory

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6
Q

Sensory Memory

A

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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7
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

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8
Q

Long Term Memory

A

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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9
Q

Working Memory

A

A newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and if information retrieved from long term memory.

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10
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

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11
Q

Effortful Processing

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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12
Q

Rehearsal

A

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

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13
Q

________ is to memory as Ivan Pavlov is to the study of conditioning

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

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14
Q

The amount remembered depends on…

A

the time spent learning.

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15
Q

Spacing Effect

A

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through mass study or practice

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16
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Our tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list

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17
Q

Visual Encoding

A

The encoding of picture images

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18
Q

Acoustic Encoding

A

The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

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19
Q

Semantic Encoding

A

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

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20
Q

Self-Reference Effect

A

Information we can relate to ourselves is processed more deeply and remains more accessible

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21
Q

Imagery

A

Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

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22
Q

Rosy Retrospection

A

People tend to recall events more positively that they evaluated them
at the time

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23
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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24
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

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25
Q

Hierarchies

A

Broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts.

26
Q

Method of Loci

A

Developed by Greek scholars and orators as aids to remembering lengthy passages and speeches. They imagined themselves moving through a familiar series of locations, associating each place with a visual representation.

27
Q

Iconic Memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic of picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
Famously demonstrated by George Sperling.

28
Q

Echoic Memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

29
Q

George Miller

A

Known for “the Magical Number Seven” which refs to our capacity to only recall 7 (give or take 2) bits of information in our short term memory

30
Q

The average adult has about ________ bits of information in memory and a storage capacity that will accommodate probably _______ times that amount.

A

a billion; a thousand to a million

31
Q

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

A

An increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for leaning and memory. The term is coined by George Lynch.

32
Q

Amnesia

A

The loss of memory

33
Q

Implicit (Procedural) Memory

A

Retention independent of conscious recollection

34
Q

Explicit (Declarative) Memory

A

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

35
Q

Hippocampus

A

A neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage.

36
Q

Damage to the left portion of the hippocampus results in difficulty remembering _______ while damage to the right portion leads to difficult recalling ________.

A

verbal information; visual designs and locations

37
Q

The ______ plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning

A

Cerebellum

38
Q

Recall

A

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

39
Q

Recognition

A

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test

40
Q

Relearning

A

A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time
(If you’ve learned something before, you will learn it again much quicker than you did before)

41
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

Anchor points you can use to access the target information when you want to retrieve it later

42
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

43
Q

State Dependent Memory

A

What we learn in one state is sometimes more easily recalled when we are again in that state
(When you hide something when you’re drunk, you have to be drunk to remember where you hid it)

44
Q

Déjà Vu (French for “already seen”)

A

The eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

45
Q

Mood-Congruent Memory

A

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

46
Q

The 3 Sins of Forgetting

A

Absent-mindedness, Transience, Blocking

47
Q

Absent-Mindedness

A

Inattention to details produces encoding failure

48
Q

Transience

A

Storage decay over time

49
Q

Blocking

A

Inaccessibility of stored information

50
Q

The 3 Sins of Distortion

A

Misattribution, Suggestibility, Bias

51
Q

Misattribution

A

Confusing the source of information

52
Q

Suggestibility

A

The lingering effects of misinformation

53
Q

Bias

A

Belief-colored recollections

54
Q

Persistence

A

The sin of intrusion.

Unwanted memories.

55
Q

Forgetting Curve

A

Ebbinghaus’ “discovery” that the course of forgetting is initially rapid and then levels off with time.

56
Q

Proactive (Forward-Acting) Interference

A

The disruptive effect of prior learning in the recall of new information

57
Q

Retroactive (Backward-Acting) Interference

A

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

58
Q

Positive Transfer

A

The process of learning one skill helps the learning and performance of a separate but similar skill, such as learning Latin will help you learn French

59
Q

Repression

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
Proposed by Freud.

60
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

61
Q

Source Amnesia (AKA Misattribution)

A

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard/read about, or imagined. Causes false memories.

62
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

People do not reliably recall events that happened before they were 3

63
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

Psychologist known for her work in memory. Has conducted over 200 experiments consisting of 20,000 people.

AP Psychology (18 decks)

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