Chapter Eighteen

Question 1

Social Psychology

Answer 1

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Question 2

Attribution Theory

Answer 2

Suggests how we explain someone’s behavior- by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

Question 3

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 3

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Question 4

Attitude

Answer 4

Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose u to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Question 5

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

Answer 5

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Question 6

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 6

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Question 7

Chameleon Effect

Answer 7

Where we unconsciously mimic others’ expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling

Question 8

Mood Linkage

Answer 8

Sharing up and down moods

Question 9

Conformity

Answer 9

Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Question 10

Normative Social Influence

Answer 10

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Question 11

Informational Social Influence

Answer 11

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

Question 12

Social Facilitation

Answer 12

Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Question 13

Social Loafing

Answer 13

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Question 14

Deindividuation

Answer 14

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Question 15

Group Polarization

Answer 15

The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Question 16

Groupthink

Answer 16

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Question 17

Prejudice

Answer 17

An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Question 18

Stereotype

Answer 18

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

Question 19

Discrimination

Answer 19

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.

Question 20

Ingroup

Answer 20

“Us” - people with whom one shares a common identity

Question 21

Outgroup

Answer 21

“Them” - those perceived as different or apart from one’s group

Question 22

Ingroup Bias

Answer 22

The tendency to favor one’s own group

Question 23

Scapegoat Theory

Answer 23

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Question 24

Just-World Phenomenon

Answer 24

The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Question 25

Aggression

Answer 25

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destory

Question 26

Frustration-Aggression Principle

Answer 26

The principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression

Question 27

Conflict

Answer 27

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Question 28

Social Trap

Answer 28

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Question 29

Mere Exposure Effect

Answer 29

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Question 30

Passionate Love

Answer 30

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Question 31

Companionate Love

Answer 31

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Question 32

Equity

Answer 32

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Question 33

Self-Disclosure

Answer 33

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Question 34

Altruism

Answer 34

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Question 35

Bystander Effect

Answer 35

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Question 36

Social Exchange Theory

Answer 36

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Question 37

Reciprocity Norm

Answer 37

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Question 38

Social-Responsibility Norm

Answer 38

An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

Question 39

Superordinate Goals

Answer 39

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Question 40

GRIT

Answer 40

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions