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AP Psychology > Chapter Eight > Flashcards

Chapter Eight Flashcards

0
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

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1
Q

Adaptability

A

Our capacity to learn new behaviors that enables us to cope with changing circumstances

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2
Q

Associative Learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

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3
Q

Conditioning

A

The process of learning associations

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4
Q

Classical Conditioning (or Pavlovian/Respondent Conditioning)

A

A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus.

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5
Q

Behaviorism

A

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research agree with (1) but not (2)

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6
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth

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7
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response

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8
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

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9
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.

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10
Q

Acquisition

A

The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response.
In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

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11
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) doesn’t follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

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12
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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13
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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14
Q

Discrimination

A

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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15
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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16
Q

Respondent Behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Skinner’s term for behavior learned through classical conditioning

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17
Q

Operant Behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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18
Q

Law of Effect

A

Edward Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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19
Q

Operant Chamber (Skinner’s Box)

A

A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing/key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.

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20
Q

Shaping

A

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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21
Q

Reinforcement

A

Any event that strengthens, or increases the frequency of, a preceding response

22
Q

Reinforcer

A

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

23
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

24
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response
(Negative reinforcement =/= punishment)

25
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

26
Q

Conditioned/Secondary Reinforcer

A

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

27
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

28
Q

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

A

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

29
Q

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

A

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

30
Q

Variable-Ratio Schedule

A

Provide reinforcers after an unpredictable number of responses

31
Q

Fixed-Interval Schedules

A

Reinforce the first response after a fixed time period

32
Q

Variable-Interval Schedules

A

Reinforces the first response after varying the time intervals

33
Q

Punishment

A

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows

34
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Administers an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior

35
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Withdraws a desirable privilege to decrease behavior

36
Q

Cognitive Map

A

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

37
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that occurs but isn’t apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

38
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

39
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

40
Q

Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning:

Response

A

CC: involuntary, automatic
OC: voluntary, operates on environment

41
Q

Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning:

Acquisition

A

CC: Associating events; CS (conditioned stimulus) announces the US (unconditioned stimulus)
OC: Associating response with a consequence (reinforcer or punisher)

42
Q

Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning:

Extinction

A

CC: CR (conditioned response) decreases when CS (conditioned stimulus) is repeatedly presented alone
OC: Responding decreases when reinforcement stops

43
Q

Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning:

Cognitive Processes

A

CC: organisms develop expectation that CS (conditioned stimulus) signals the arrival of the US (unconditioned stimulus)
OC: organisms develop expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished; they also exhibit latent learning without reinforcement

44
Q

Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning:

Biological Predispositions

A

CC: Natural predispositions constrain what stimuli and responses can easily be associated
OC: Organisms best learn behaviors similar to their natural behaviors; unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back toward natural ones

45
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by observing others

46
Q

Modeling

A

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

47
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

48
Q

Prosocial Behavior

A

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior.

The opposite of antisocial behavior.

49
Q

Who is associated with classical conditioning, specifically with his experiments with dogs?

A

Ivan Pavlov

50
Q

Who is associated with the Little Albert experiment and with creating behaviorism?

A

John B. Watson

51
Q

Who is associated with taste aversion?

A

John Garcia

52
Q

Who is associated with operant conditioning, specifically for being the most controversial behaviorist?

A

B. F. Skinner

53
Q

Who is associated with observational behavior, specifically for his experiments with children and Bobo dolls?

A

Albert Bandura

AP Psychology (18 decks)

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