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AP Psychology > Chapter Four > Flashcards

Chapter Four Flashcards

0
Q

Zygote

A

The fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.
Less than 1/2 of all zygotes survive beyond the first 2 weeks.

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan.
Focuses on 3 major issues: Nature/Nurture, Continuity/Stages, Stability/Change

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2
Q

Differentiation

A

When cells begin to specialize in certain areas, such as cells specializing as brain cells or blood cells.
Differentiation begins in zygotes within the first week

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3
Q

Embryo

A

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month

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4
Q

Fetus

A

Latin for “offspring” & “little one”

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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5
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant person’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.
FAS affects 1/750 infants and is the leading cause of mental retardation.

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7
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

A baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for a nipple

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8
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

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9
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
ex: We all learn to crawl before we walk, speak nouns before we use adjectives…

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10
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

The inability to remember memories made before our 3rd birthday

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11
Q

Schema

A

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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12
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas

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13
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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14
Q

Cognition

A

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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15
Q

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development

A

Birth - roughly 2 years
Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, grasping)
Associated developmental phenomena: Object permanence, stranger anxiety

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16
Q

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development

A

2 years - 6/7 years
Representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning
Associated developmental phenomena: Pretend play, egocentrism, language development

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17
Q

Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development

A

7 years - roughly 11 years
Thinking logically a about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
Associated developmental phenomena: Conservation, mathematical transformations

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18
Q

Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development

A

12 years - Adulthood
Abstract reasoning
Associated developmental phenomena: Abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning

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19
Q

Conservation

A 
The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of Concrete Operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in form 
ex: Younger children think a tall, skinny glass holds more liquid than a short, wide glass
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20
Q

Egocentrism

A

In Piaget’s theory, the Preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

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21
Q

Theory of Mind

A

People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
ex: Putting something other than Bandaids in a Bandaid box, showing it the child, and questioning them as to what others would think was in the box

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22
Q

Autism

A

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind

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23
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

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24
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

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25
Q

Critical Period

A

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

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26
Q

Imprinting

A

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

27
Q

Temperament

A

One’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

28
Q

Basic Trust

A

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsible caregivers

29
Q

Self-Concept

A

A sense of one’s identity and personal worth.

30
Q

Authoritarian Parenting

A

Imposing rules and expecting obedience

“Too hard” style of parenting

31
Q

Permissive Parenting

A

Submitting to the child’s desires, making few demands, and using little punishment
“Too soft” parenting style

32
Q

Authoritative Parenting

A

Both demanding and responsive; exerting control not only by setting rules and enforcing them but also explaining the reasons and, especially with older kids, encouraging open discussion and allowing exceptions when making the rules
“Just right” parenting style - leads to children with the highest self esteem, self reliance, and social competence

33
Q

Secure Attachment

A

In the presence of their mother, children will happily explore their environments. They will show distress when the moth leaves.

34
Q

Insecure Attachment

A

Clinging to the mother, unable to explore the environment

35
Q

Adolescence

A

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

36
Q

Puberty

A

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
Girls start at roughly age 11, boys at roughly 13

37
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

The body structures (ovaries, testes, external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

38
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

None productive sexual characteristics, such as body hair, breasts and hips in females, and male voice quality

39
Q

Menarche

A

The first menstrual period

40
Q

Spermarche

A

The first ejaculation

41
Q

The frontal lobes mature until age ____, affecting the judgment of younger people

A

25

42
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Preconventional Morality Stage

A

Before age 9.

Egocentric; obeying either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.

43
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Conventional Morality Stage

A

By early adolescence.

People care for others and uphold laws and/or social rules because they are laws/social rules.

44
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Postconventional Morality Stage

A

Third level for some who develop the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought.
Affirms people’s agreed upon rights or follows what one personally perceives as basic ethical principles
“I don’t care if it’s against the law- it’s not RIGHT!”

45
Q

Erik Erikson’s Infancy Stage of Psychosocial Development

A

To roughly 1 year old.
Trust vs. Mistrust.
If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

46
Q

Erik Erikson’s Toddlerhood Stage of Psychosocial Development

A

1-2 years.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt.
Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

47
Q

Erik Erikson’s Preschooler Stage of Psychosocial Development

A

3-5 years.
Initiative vs. Guilt.
Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent

48
Q

Erik Erikson’s Elementary School Stage of Psychosocial Development

A

6 years- Puberty.
Competence vs. Inferiority.
Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

49
Q

Erik Erikson’s Adolescence Stage of Psychosocial Development

A

Teens- 20s.
Identity vs. Role Confusion.
Teens work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.

50
Q

Erik Erikson’s Young Adulthood Stage of Psychosocial Development

A

20s- Early 40s.
Intimacy vs. Isolation.
Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

51
Q

Erik Erikson’s Middle Adulthood Stage of Psychosocial Development

A

40s-60s.
Generativity vs. Stagnation.
In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

52
Q

Erik Erikson’s Late Adulthood Stage of Psychosocial Development

A

Late 60s- Death.
Integrity vs. Despair.
When reflecting upon his/her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

53
Q

Identity

A

One’s sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

54
Q

Intimacy

A

In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

55
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

New term for 18- mid 20s where people are no longer adolescents but haven’t yet taken on adult level responsibilities and independence

56
Q

Menopause

A

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

57
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning.
3% of people are affected by Alzheimer’s by the age of 75

58
Q

Older people are better with ________ than _________.

A

Recognition ; Recall

59
Q

Cross Sectional Study

A

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

60
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time.

61
Q

Cross sectional studies suggest a ______ ________ of intelligence with age while longitudinal studies show that intelligence ________ ________ until late in life.

A

Sharp decline ; Remains stable

62
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

One’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

63
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

One’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

64
Q

Social Clock

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

65
Q

Generativity

A

Being productive and supporting future generations

66
Q

Freud says the healthy adult is the one who can _____ and _____.

A

Love ; Work

AP Psychology (18 decks)

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