2.A. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Flashcards
This deck covers disease prevention and management, goal setting for healthy lifestyles, the impact of lifestyle choices, physical fitness, and the role of nutrition in health.
1
Q
What is the definition of a disease?
A
Abnormal condition that affects the structure or function of an organism, often causing specific signs and symptom.
2
Q
What factors can diseases be attributed to?
A
- Genetic disorders
- Environmental factors
- Infection
- Inflammation
- Nutritional deficiencies
These factors can lead to various health conditions.
3
Q
What are the two main pathways of spreading diseases?
A
- Horizontal
- Vertical
These pathways are primarily discussed in the context of how viruses and other microscopic pathogens are spread.
4
Q
How are diseases classified?
A
Based on :
- Time
- Location
- Spread
- Type
- Origin
5
Q
What distinguishes communicable diseases from noncommunicable diseases?
A
- Communicable diseases are caused by infections.
- Noncommunicable diseases are influenced by genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors.
Communicable diseases can spread between individuals.
Noncommunicable diseases cannot spread between individuals.
6
Q
What are some examples of communicable diseases?
Also known as infectious diseases or transmissible diseases.
A
- HIV/AIDS
- Tuberculosis
- Malaria
- Viral hepatitis
- Influenza
- Sexually transmitted infections
Examples of temporary communicable diseases that typically resolve after a short period:
- Flu
- Chicken pox
7
Q
How can communicable diseases spread?
A
- Direct physical contact.
- Contact with contaminated surfaces.
- Breathing in airborne viruses.
- Being bitten by insects or animals.
Transmission can occur in various ways depending on the disease.
8
Q
What should healthy individuals do when they are around someone who is sick?
A
Avoid touching their hands to their eyes, nose, or mouth.
This helps prevent the transfer of germs from contaminated surfaces.
9
Q
List three common risk factors for contracting communicable diseases.
A
- High exposure rates.
- Lack of a fully functioning immune system.
- Lack of immunizations.
These factors increase susceptibility to illness.
10
Q
Define:
Infection
A
The process when harmful agents, called pathogens, invade another organism and cause illness. Such as:
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Parasites
- Virus
- Prion
Infectivity is a key measure of a pathogen’s potential to spread.
The immune system’s role is to attack the foreign bodies; this response can cause collateral damage during this process.
11
Q
What are some common signs of infection?
A
- Redness
- Swelling
- Fever
- Abscess formation
- Myalgias
- Malaise
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Difficulty breathing
- Changes in pulse and blood pressure
The severity and type of symptoms can depend on the specific infectious disease.
12
Q
What is the difference between disease and infection?
A
- Disease includes any disruption of normal bodily functions.
- Infection is caused by invading pathogens.
Not all diseases are caused by pathogens, but all pathogens can potentially cause disease.
For example, a small cut that becomes infected and heals is an infection, but if it spreads and causes sepsis, it becomes a disease.
13
Q
What is the leading cause of death globally among noncommunicable diseases?
A
Cardiovascular diseases
Cardiovascular diseases account for 17.9 million deaths per year.
14
Q
What are some common risk factors for noncommunicable diseases?
A
- Tobacco consumption
- Abnormal use of alcohol
- Lack of physical activity
- Eating junk foods
These factors can lead to harmful metabolic changes and increase vulnerability to diseases.
15
Q
Define:
Chronic Disease
A
A condition that develops more slowly and typically worsens over time.
16
Q
What types of diseases are classified as heart disease?
A
- Congestive heart failure
- Heart attack
- Cardiomyopathy
- Stroke
These diseases typically do not have a cure and are managed by treating symptoms.
17
Q
Define:
Cancer
A
Uncontrolled cell growth caused by mutations, often triggered by carcinogens.
Cancerous cells take over resources from healthy cells, potentially leading to organ failure.
18
Q
Define:
Diabetes
A
A disease where the hormone insulin is not produced or detected, leading to high blood sugar levels.
Type 1 diabetes: A genetic disorder where the pancreas does not produce insulin.
Type 2 diabetes: The body makes insulin, but cells no longer respond to it.
19
Q
What hormone regulates blood sugar levels?
A
Insulin
Insulin is crucial for maintaining blood sugar balance and interacts with the brain’s hunger signals.
20
Q
Define:
Tetanus
A
A potentially deadly bacterial disease that causes:
- Lockjaw
- Trouble swallowing
- Muscle spasms
- Respiratory failure
Tetanus is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani and enters the body through puncture wounds from rusted metal.
21
Q
Define:
Genes
A
Segments of DNA are contained in the chromosomes of a cell.
Genes determine traits such as eye color and hair texture.
22
Q
What is the relationship between family history, genetics, and chronic conditions?
A
Both nature and nurture influence chronic conditions.
23
Q
What is disease control and prevention?
A
The process of managing and reducing the spread of diseases.
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
24
Q
What is the goal of prevention in health?
A
To promote health and take actions before adverse conditions arise.
Prevention aims to decrease the chance of getting a disease or developing poor health conditions.
25
What is a major goal of the **American Cancer Society**?
To inform the public about cancer prevention and treatment options.
## Footnote
They provide various resources to support individuals dealing with cancer.
26
What are the *key components* in making a **SMART** goal?
* Specific
* Measurable
* Attainable
* Realistic
* Time Frame
## Footnote
Understanding these components aids in effective goal setting.
27
# Define:
Vaccine
A preparation containing part of, or a weakened version of, a pathogen that improves the immune system's fight against disease.
## Footnote
Vaccines help shield individuals from specific bacteria or viruses.
28
What happens when **antibiotics** are used?
They may **kill off mutualistic microbes**, potentially leading to **opportunistic infections**.
## Footnote
Opportunistic infections are the infections caused by microorganisms that do not normally cause disease in a healthy immune system.
Immunodeficiency can lead to opportunistic infections.
Overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic **resistance** (bacteria becoming immune to certain medications).
29
What **environmental changes** have been linked to **emerging diseases**?
* Temperature increases
* Sea level rise
* Extreme weather
* Ecosystem changes
## Footnote
**Floods** increase disease transmission as waterborne illnesses like cholera and typhoid spread through contaminated water.
**Climate change** alters bird migration, increasing contact and spreading diseases among birds such as Bird Flu.
**Dams and irrigation** create mosquito-breeding pools, spreading diseases like malaria and West Nile virus.
30
# True or False:
Lack of clean water, food safety, and sanitation are **common risk factors** in the United States.
False
## Footnote
These risk factors are less common but can occur, especially after natural disasters.
31
List some *benefits* of **beneficial bacteria**.
* Keep harmful agents out of the body
* Digest food
* Absorb vitamins and minerals
* Break down dangerous substances
* Fight disease
## Footnote
Beneficial bacteria play a crucial role in maintaining health such as E. Coli found in the colon.
32
# Define:
Body Composition
The percentage of:
* Organs
* Water
* Muscle
* Bones
* Fat found
## Footnote
Body composition can be categorized into lean mass and fat.
33
What is the **Body Mass Index**?
| (BMI)
A calculation of a person's **weight** *divided by* their **height**.
## Footnote
BMI does not indicate body composition of lean mass or fat.
34
What is **Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis**?
A method that uses **electrical current** to measure **body composition**.
## Footnote
It is quick and inexpensive, but not as accurate as hydrostatic weighing.
35
What is the **Skinfold** measurement method?
A technique using **calipers** to measure subcutaneous fat at various body sites.
## Footnote
This method requires a trained technician to minimize human error.
36
# Define:
Muscular Strength
The ability to lift and move objects with **maximum force** for a short period of time.
## Footnote
It is judged by lifting heavy objects for a short time and finding the **maximum weight** that can be lifted a few times.
37
# Define:
Muscular Endurance
The ability to perform **repetitive motions** for an **extended period** of time.
## Footnote
This includes the ability of a specific muscle or muscle group to repeat an exercise with **submaximal** resistance.
38
Identify two **self-assessment** methods for cardiorespiratory fitness.
* One-mile walk test
* Three-minute step up test
## Footnote
These methods allow athletes to monitor their own fitness progress.
39
# Define:
Flexibility
The ability to move one's joints in a **pain-free** and **unrestricted** manner.
## Footnote
Flexibility is important for both athletic and everyday activities.
40
# Define:
Dynamic Flexibility
The ability to maintain **full range** of motion while using joints during large motions or actions.
## Footnote
Important for activities requiring agility.
41
What is the **difference** between *static-active* and *static-passive* flexibility?
* **Static-active**: The ability to move joints and hold body positions without support.
* **Static-passive**: The ability to hold joint positions for extended periods.
42
What is the *primary function* of the **muscular system**?
Body movement
## Footnote
The muscular system also plays a role in posture, blood transport, and heat generation.
43
What forms the **lever systems** in the human body?
* Muscles
* Bones
## Footnote
The primary purpose of lever systems is to produce a mechanical advantage.
44
What are the *three types* of **muscles** found in the body?
* Skeletal muscle
* Cardiac muscle
* Smooth muscle
## Footnote
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones.
Cardiac muscles are found in the heart.
Smooth muscles are located in the walls of hollow organs.
45
What role do *skeletal muscles* play in **homeostasis**?
Regulating body temperature.
## Footnote
Muscle contraction generates heat, which helps maintain a stable body temperature, as seen in shivering.
46
Identify a *condition* characterized by the **weakening** of muscle tissue.
Muscular Dystrophy
## Footnote
This condition leads to progressive muscle degeneration and weakness.
47
How does **strength training** improve body composition?
* Increasing muscle mass
* Reducing Fat
## Footnote
Muscles are metabolically active, leading to increased calorie burning.
48
What is the *initial source of energy* during **cardiovascular exercise**?
Carbohydrates
## Footnote
After several minutes, the body may switch to burning body fat.
49
# Fill in the blank:
High intensity exercise is defined as that done at \_\_\_\_\_ of **aerobic capacity**.
75-80%
## Footnote
This intensity level is linked to better fat loss outcomes.
50
What are some health *benefits* of improving **muscular endurance**?
Benefits include:
* Helping maintain a healthy weight
* Increased bone strength
* Improved cardiorespiratory health
* Better metabolism health
* Reduced overall fatigue
* Improved sleep
* Enhanced mental health
## Footnote
Muscular endurance is relevant beyond just sports.
51
What are the *differences* between **muscular endurance** and **muscular strength**?
* Endurance: Measures **duration** of contraction, relies on **slow-twitch** fibers, uses **aerobic** respiration, and **lighter** weights, **more** reps.
* Strength: Measures **force** exerted, relies on **fast-twitch** fibers, uses **anaerobic** respiration, and **heavier** weights, **fewer** reps.
## Footnote
A **rep**, or repetition, is how many times you perform an exercise.
A **set** is how many times you repeat a particular number of reps.
52
What are three benefits of **regular physical activity**?
* Positive mental health
* Stress relief
* Longer life span
53
What role does exercise play in **coordination**?
Improves coordination by **activating muscles and nerves** involved in balance.
54
What happens to bones when a person **does not exercise**?
Bones are broken down by the body, leading to a higher risk of **fractures**.
55
What is **obesity** defined as?
A state of excess **fat accumulation** in the body.
56
What are the three components of **exercise programs**?
* Aerobics
* Strength Training
* Stretching
## Footnote
These components are essential for physical and mental health.
57
What is the *minimum* recommended duration of **moderate intensity aerobic** exercise for adults **per week**?
**150** minutes
## Footnote
Preferably spread over several days with **sessions lasting at least 10 continuous minutes**.
58
What **type of contraction** occurs when raising weight towards the face?
**Concentric** contraction
59
What is **progressive overload** in the *context of stretching*?
Progressive overload is the **gradual increase of stress** placed on the body during exercise to improve joint movement.
## Footnote
This involves achieving both elastic and plastic elongation.
60
What is the **Sit and Reach** Test?
A test that assesses **lower body flexibility** by measuring how far one can bend forward while sitting with extended legs.
## Footnote
Consistency in measurement is crucial for tracking progress.
61
Why is it important to *consult* a healthcare professional regarding **nutritional needs**?
Individuals with **specific medical conditions** may have **different nutrient requirements**.
## Footnote
A healthcare professional can provide personalized guidance.
62
What *part of the brain* regulates **hunger**?
Hypothalamus
## Footnote
The hypothalamus has two main parts: one that controls the start of eating and another that controls the stop of eating.
63
What is the **Basal Metabolic Rate**?
| (BMR)
The number of **calories burned at rest**.
## Footnote
BMR varies among individuals and affects their caloric needs.
64
What are **carbohydrates**?
Biochemical compounds utilized as fuel in the body, including:
* Starches
* Sugars
## Footnote
Carbohydrates consist of repeated units called monomers, forming larger structures known as polymers.
65
What are **simple carbohydrates**?
* Monosaccharides
* Disaccharides
## Footnote
They are digested quickly, providing immediate energy but are correlated with fatigue.
Simple carbs do not significantly alleviate activity levels.
66
What are **complex carbohydrates**?
Polysaccharides formed when hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides or disaccharides **bond together**.
## Footnote
They are more stable and take longer to digest. Examples include rice, peas, whole-wheat bread, corn and oats.
67
What role does **fiber** play in human health?
* Facilitates healthy **bowel** movements.
* Aids in **cholesterol** control.
## Footnote
Foods high in fiber include:
* Nuts
* Leafy vegetables
* Whole grains
* Beans
* Some fruits
68
What are the two types of **fiber**?
* Dietary fiber
* Functional fiber
## Footnote
Dietary fiber comes from natural sources.
Functional fiber is lab-made or extracted and added to food.
69
Identify three sources of **soluble fiber**.
* Oatmeal
* Nuts
* Lentils
## Footnote
Soluble fiber can help control weight as it delays stomach emptying making a person feel fuller.
70
What are the three major **macronutrients** in the human diet?
* Carbohydrates
* Proteins
* Fats
## Footnote
Fats are also referred to as fatty acids or lipids.
71
What are **proteins**?
* **Proteins**: Made of amino acids, they catalyze reactions and regulate cell functions.
* **Amino Acids**: Protein monomers; 20 types exist.
* **Polypeptides**: Chains of linked amino acids that fold into 3D shapes to form functional proteins.
72
Identify **functions** of proteins.
* Sending signals between cells
* Creating structures like bone matrix
* Catalyzing chemical reactions as enzymes
* Regulating cell division and growth
* Regulating membrane transport
* Creating organelles
## Footnote
Proteins perform essential roles that support life and maintain homeostasis.
73
What are **essential amino acids**?
Amino acids that **must** be obtained from diet.
## Footnote
The **nine essential amino acids** include:
* Histidine
* Isoleucine
* Leucine
* Lysine
* Methionine
* Phenylalanine
* Threonine
* Tryptophan
* Valine
74
What is the general **protein requirement** recommendation for adults?
About **0.8 grams** of protein per kilogram of body weight.
## Footnote
This recommendation can vary based on age, biological sex, and energy expenditure.
Athletes require about **1.7 grams** of protein per kilogram due to increased muscle mass and metabolic activity.
75
What is the primary function of **fats** in the body?
* Store energy
* Help absorb certain vitamins and minerals
## Footnote
Fats also play roles in building cell membranes and nerve sheaths.
76
What distinguishes **saturated** fats from **unsaturated** fats?
* Saturated fats have **single bonds** in their molecular structure.
* Unsaturated fats have **one or more double bonds**.
## Footnote
Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
77
What are **triglycerides**?
The **most common** type of **fat** in the body, categorized as **tri-esters**.
## Footnote
They consist of a glycerol backbone bound to three fatty acids.
78
What distinguishes **monounsaturated** fatty acids from **polyunsaturated** fatty acids?
**Monounsaturated Fatty Acids** (MUFA):
* Contain one double bond in the carbon chain.
* Found in: Olive oil, avocado, peanuts.
**Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids** (PUFA):
* Contain two or more double bonds in the carbon chain.
* Found in: Fish oil, sunflower oil, walnuts.
## Footnote
Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats should be consumed by individuals instead of saturated and trans fats.
Polyunsaturated fats include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
79
What are **vitamins**?
Organic compounds necessary for the growth and maintenance of your body's normal functions.
## Footnote
They are classified into two main groups:
* Fat soluble: They are stored in fat and the liver, making it easier to overdose on them.
* Water soluble: They are easily excreted in urine if consumed in excess.
80
What role do **antioxidants** play in the body?
They help to **neutralize free radicals**.
## Footnote
Vitamins **E, C**, and **beta-carotene** are known antioxidants.
81
Identify the *vitamins* your body needs.
* Vitamin A
* Vitamin B (including B6, B12, biotin, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, folate)
* Vitamin C
* Vitamin D
* Vitamin E
* Vitamin K
## Footnote
There are a total of **13 essential vitamins**.
82
What are **minerals**?
**Inorganic** compounds needed to regulate the body's overall health.
## Footnote
Minerals are distinct from vitamins as they do not contain carbon.
83
What are the two general classes of **minerals**?
* Macrominerals
* Trace minerals
## Footnote
Macrominerals are needed in larger amounts, while trace minerals are needed in smaller amounts.
84
What is the function of **iron** in the body?
Necessary for the formation of **hemoglobin** in red blood cells.
## Footnote
**Hemoglobin carries oxygen** in the blood.
**Iron deficiency** leads to **anemia** because the body cannot produce enough healthy red blood cells.
85
What role does water play in **urine production**?
Water helps in the **excretion of waste products** through urine.
## Footnote
Urine is primarily composed of water and helps eliminate harmful substances from the body.
86
Why is water important for **blood**?
Water makes up a large part of blood and helps **transport oxygen** throughout the body.
## Footnote
It acts as a highway for vital nutrients and oxygen.
87
What is **cerebrospinal fluid**, and how is it connected to water?
Cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord, providing **protection** and acting as a **shock absorber**.
## Footnote
Water is a key component of this fluid.
88
# True or False:
Water is essential for **joint lubrication**.
True
## Footnote
Proper joint lubrication prevents pain and allows for movement.
89
What *unique factors* influence individual **dietary choices**?
* Age
* Sex
* Culture
* Athletic ability
* Personal choices
## Footnote
These factors create a unique dietary profile for each individual.
90
What is a **vegan diet**?
A diet that **excludes** meat and animal products, such as milk and eggs.
## Footnote
Vegans must carefully select protein sources to maintain health.
91
What is **malnutrition**?
* Deficiencies, or
* Oversupplies, or
* Imbalances in nutrient consumption that lead to health issues.
## Footnote
Malnutrition includes both **undernourishment** and **excessive weight gain**, contributing to chronic diseases.
92
What is the impact of **malnutrition** on society?
It affects:
* Productivity
* Mortality rates
* Child survival
* Learning abilities
## Footnote
Malnutrition has significant **long-term implications** for national **economic productivity**.
93
What role does education play in **preventing malnutrition**?
It imparts knowledge about:
* Nutrition
* Accessible food options
* Proper feeding practices
## Footnote
Education is crucial for promoting awareness and improving dietary choices.
94
# Fill in the blank:
**Vitamin D** helps the body absorb \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Calcium
## Footnote
This is crucial for bone growth.
95
What is a **healthy lifestyle**?
A healthy lifestyle encompasses behaviors that promote:
* Well-being
* Reduce disease prevalence
* Increase life expectancy
96
How many **hours of sleep** are recommended for adults?
A minimum of **7 hours** of sleep per night.
## Footnote
Less than 7 hours is linked to:
* High blood pressure
* Type 2 diabetes
* Obesity
97
What are the main **health challenges** faced by *Americans*?
* Smoking
* Eating disorders
* Obesity
* STDs
## Footnote
These challenges are prevalent despite the U.S. being a high-income nation.
98
What are the two most widespread **eating disorders**?
* Anorexia nervosa
* Bulimia
## Footnote
Anorexia involves a fear of gaining weight.
Bulimia involves binge eating followed by purging.
99
What is the *significance* of **food labels**?
They help ensure adequate nutrient intake without excessive calories.
## Footnote
Understanding labels is key to making informed choices.
100
What is an effective strategy to *avoid* **unhealthy temptations**?
Prepare **healthy snacks** in advance.
## Footnote
This reduces the likelihood of impulse buying unhealthy foods.
