2.B. Injury Prevention and Health Risk Management Flashcards
This deck covers stress management, health risk prevention, substance use effects, anatomy, hygiene, safety behaviors, and injury care skills like CPR and first aid.
What is stress?
The psychological and physiological response to any real or imagined disruptions, demands, stimulations, or changes in life.
Identify three techniques to cope with academic stress.
- Prepare in advance, rehearse, and repeat.
- Sleep well.
- Pace yourself during the exam.
How can exercise help with stress?
- Focusing the mind away from tension.
- Releases endorphins.
What are endorphins?
Natural chemicals produced by the body that help to counter stress.
Describe the difference between eustress and distress?
- Eustress is good stress that has positive effects.
- Distress is bad stress that can be harmful to health.
Eustress can improve overall health, such as through weightlifting.
Distress, particularly chronic distress, can lead to negative health outcomes.
How can stress management improve well-being?
- Lowers cortisol.
- Improves mood.
- Enhances resilience.
Mindfulness, exercise, relaxation, and sufficient sleep help manage stress and improve mental health.
What are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?
- Alarm
- Resistance
- Exhaustion
Each stage describes how the body responds to prolonged stress, with:
Alarm involving stress hormone release along the HPA-axis.
Resistance being the body’s attempt to adapt.
Exhaustion leading to potential illness.
What hormone is primarily released during the alarm phase?
Epinephrine
(adrenaline)
This hormone triggers the body’s immediate stress response.
What psychological responses may occur during the alarm phase?
- Fear
- Anger
- Anxiety
- Panic
- Restlessness
These are common emotional reactions to stress during the alarm phase.
What role do glucocorticoids play during the resistance phase?
- Breakdown of fat for energy
- Stabilization of blood sugar levels
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that help the body cope with prolonged stress.
What is the major difference between long-term and short-term stress responses?
With long-term stress, the body cannot return to its pre-stressed state due to elevated stress hormone levels, especially cortisol.
This prolonged activation of stress responses can have significant health implications.
What are some negative health effects of chronic stress?
- Weakened immune system
- Damage to DNA
- Heightened risk of heart disease
Chronic stress is long-term stress that can lead to various health problems.
What are the effects of distress on a person’s performance?
It decreases performance in work or life in general.
What happens to the body’s blood supply during the fight or flight response?
It cuts off blood supply to unnecessary organs and focuses resources on vital organs.
The fight-or-flight response is:
- An automatic reaction to danger or threats.
- Prepares the body to fight or escape (flight).
- Triggered by stress hormones like adrenaline.
- Effects include increased heart rate and energy.
Identify examples of internal stressors.
- Perfectionism
- Self-criticism
- Expecting too much from ourselves
Internal stressors are generated within ourselves and can create significant mental strain.
True or False:
Stress can only come from external sources.
False
Stress can arise from both external factors (like work and environment) and internal factors (such as procrastination and perfectionism).
Define:
Primary Disease Prevention
Primary disease prevention means reducing the likelihood of being affected by a disease or injury.
Examples include avoiding tobacco and using sunscreen.
What is the relationship between Anatomy and Physiology?
- Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the body.
- Physiology focuses on how these structures function.
Anatomy and physiology are interconnected, with structure influencing function.
What are the three main body systems responsible for human movement?
- Muscular system
- Nervous system
- Skeletal system
These systems work together to facilitate body movements.
What are the two major parts of the nervous system?
- Central nervous system (CNS)
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral consists of nerve fibers.
What role does the endocrine system play in the body?
- Deals with hormones.
- Maintains homeostasis.
It helps regulate various bodily functions.
What is the function of the integumentary system?
- Protects internal organs.
- Prevents dehydration.
It includes hair, nails, and skin.
What is the role of the lymphatic system?
Fluid Balance: It helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid (lymph) from tissues and returning it to the bloodstream.
Immune Response: It transports lymph, which contains white blood cells (lymphocytes), that fight off pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.
Fat Absorption: Aids in the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system.
Waste Removal: It helps remove waste products, toxins, and other unwanted materials from the body’s tissues, contributing to overall detoxification.
The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, thymus, and tonsils, all working together to keep your body healthy.
How does the nervous system interact with the skeletal system?
- Sends orders
- Receives data back
The skeletal system protects the nervous system from damage.
True or False:
The nervous system controls the immune response.
True
The brain sends signals to fight against pathogens.
What is the primary function of motor neurons?
Activate muscle fibers for movement.
They are crucial for muscle contraction and body movement.
Identify the components of connective tissue involved in movement.
- Ligaments
- Tendons
- Collagen
These structures connect muscles and bones, facilitating movement.
Fill in the blank:
The ________ system includes the lungs.
respiratory
It is essential for gas exchange in the body.
Define:
Organism
An individual living thing that is capable of responding to stimuli, growing, reproducing, and maintaining homeostasis.
What is the function of the heart?
To pump blood around the body through blood vessels.
It ensures every cell receives nutrients and oxygen.
What components make up blood?
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
- Plasma
Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells are part of the immune system, and platelets help with clotting.
What is the process that results in the cessation of bleeding from a blood vessel?
Hemostasis
Hemostasis is crucial for preventing excessive blood loss after an injury.
What functions do Testosterone and Estrogen serve in the body?
They are sex hormones responsible for initiating sex development during puberty.
What hormone regulates blood sugar levels?
Insulin
What gland is responsible for the production of cortisol?
Adrenal gland
What is the primary function of the brain?
The brain is the processing center of the body, controlling thoughts, feelings, and actions.
The brain processes all incoming sensory information.
What are neurons?
Electrochemical cells that send messages for complex processing in the brain.
Neurons are the primary building blocks of the brain.
What does the brainstem control?
Basic homeostatic functions, such as:
- Breathing
- Heart rate
It connects the brain to the spinal cord.
What are the three main functions of the nervous system?
- Collect sensory information from the environment.
- Process information.
- Send signals to the body to respond to the environment.
What structures and mechanisms safeguard the brain?
- Skull
- Meninges
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Blood-brain Barrier
What is the process by which organisms generate new life called?
Reproduction
Reproduction can occur sexually or asexually.
What does the frequency theory of hearing propose?
Neurons fire at the same rate as the frequency of the sound.
This means higher frequencies result in faster firing rates of neurons.
What are the five taste receptors?
- Sweet
- Sour
- Bitter
- Salty
- Umami (savory)
Umami is often associated with the taste of many meats.
Define:
Hygiene
Practices and habits that promote good health and prevent disease, especially through cleanliness.
Hygiene encompasses various practices and behaviors that promote health and prevent disease.
What is the purpose of handwashing?
To prevent:
- Respiratory infections
- Stomach flu
- Eye infections
- Skin rashes
Hands come into contact with many areas of the body and food, making them potential carriers of harmful microorganisms.
What advantages does brushing your teeth provide?
Prevents cavities, gum diseases, and is linked to heart disease, diabetes, and dementia.
Good oral hygiene is crucial for overall health and can prevent serious health issues.
What are the benefits of full body washing?
To remove grime, dirt, and to keep skin healthy as a first line of defense against infectious diseases.
Healthy skin acts as a barrier against pathogens.
Why is it important to clean clothing?
To remove viruses, bacteria, and parasites that can contaminate the skin.
Clean clothing contributes to overall hygiene and health.
What are the consequences of prolonged drug use?
- Serious organ damage
- Mental health issues
The initial effects may include poor judgment and risk of injury.
What are the risks associated with unprotected sex?
- Unwanted pregnancy
- STDs such as HIV
HIV can severely damage the immune system.
Why is it important to involve others in behavior change?
To keep focused, motivated, and on track.
Support from community or friends enhances accountability.
Fill in the blank:
Alcohol is like a toxic chemical to your _______.
liver
Alcohol can cause serious damage, including cirrhosis.
What can body art, such as tattoos, potentially expose individuals to?
Infections caused by viruses like HIV or hepatitis.
Improperly performed body art can have serious long-term health consequences.
Define:
Addiction
A state of physical or psychological dependence on a behavior or substance, leading to societal or personal harm.
Addiction can be compulsive and often results in negative consequences for health.
Define:
Addictive Behavior
A habit that has spun out of control, resulting in negative consequences upon one’s own health.
Addictive behaviors can stem from initial innocent actions.
What are common warning signs of drug addiction?
- Withdrawn behavior
- Irritability
- Poor performance in school or work
- Changes in hobbies or interests
- Changes in eating and sleeping habits
- Deteriorating physical appearance
- Borrowing or missing money
Noticing these signs can indicate a potential substance use disorder.
What is a habit?
An acquired pattern of behavior that occurs regularly, which may be involuntary or voluntary.
Examples of unhealthy habits include:
- Nail biting
- Living a sedentary lifestyle
- Skipping meals
- Driving too fast
What unhealthy habits increase dementia risk?
- Poor diet
- Lack of exercise
- Smoking
- Excessive alcohol
How do lifestyle choices influence dementia risk?
Healthy habits like balanced diet, exercise, and social engagement reduce dementia risk.
Poor lifestyle choices accelerate cognitive decline.
How do unhealthy habits accelerate aging?
- Increase chronic disease risk.
- Reduce life expectancy.
Unhealthy habits include:
- Poor diet
- Inactivity
- Excessive stress
How does social engagement contribute to healthy aging?
- Reduces cognitive decline
- Enhances mental and emotional well-being
What defines compulsive behavior?
Physical or mental behaviors repeated in accordance with specific rules, often to reduce uncomfortable feelings.
Examples include:
- Excessive hand washing
- Extreme orderliness
Define:
Obsession
Reoccurring thoughts, urges, or images that cause uncomfortable feelings and are often outside of a person’s control.
Examples include:
- Intense fear of germs
- Hoarding behavior
What is drug misuse?
The improper use of legal drugs that are supposed to be used as medication.
Examples include:
- Taking someone else’s medication.
- Not following a doctor’s orders.
How do drugs affect the central nervous system?
They alter the brain and spinal cord by affecting neurotransmitter release and signaling.
This can include blocking neurotransmitter release or causing excessive release.
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons in the central nervous system.
They play a crucial role in how the brain communicates and processes information.
What are some physical consequences of drug abuse?
- Heart attacks
- Kidney failure
- Seizures
- Memory loss
- Premature birth
- Miscarriage
Drug abuse can lead to serious health issues affecting multiple body systems.
What are the risks of substance abuse to personal safety?
Substance abuse can impair physical functions, leading to:
- Accidents
- Injuries
- Long-term health damage
Addiction reduces quality of life and safety.
What are the first three steps to follow in an emergency?
- Checking the scene for safety.
- Calling for emergency help.
- Providing care to the victim.
What is the purpose of the Heimlich maneuver?
To assist older children and adults who are choking.
What are the steps to perform the abdominal thrust?
Used to be known as the Hemlich Manuever.
- Five back blows.
- Five abdominal thrusts.
Alternate between back blows and thrusts until the obstruction is cleared.
What should you do if someone is unconscious and not breathing?
Perform CPR.
CPR involves chest compressions and rescue breaths; however, chest compressions alone can also be effective.
How many chest compressions should be performed before rescue breaths in CPR?
30 compressions
This is followed by 2 rescue breaths as per the CPR guidelines.
The recommended chest compression rate during CPR is 100 per minute to maintain blood circulation until help arrives.
What should you do if a person is bleeding?
Apply pressure with sterile dressing.
If bleeding does not stop, call 911 immediately.
What is the first action to take for a minor burn?
Run it under cool, clean water.
After cooling, cover the burn with a sterile dressing.
What should you do if you suspect someone has been poisoned?
Contact the National Poison Control Center.
If the person is unconscious or not breathing, call 911 immediately.
How should you handle a suspected head or spinal injury?
- Minimize movement.
- Stabilize the head.
Keep the head in the position found to prevent further injury.
How does diet impact long-term health?
- Provides essential nutrients.
- Maintains weight.
- Reduces the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
Nutrition supports overall well-being and prevents deficiencies.
What are the effects of poor nutrition on health?
- Weakens immunity.
- Increases illness susceptibility.
- Leads to nutrient deficiencies.
How does physical activity help prevent chronic diseases?
- Improves heart health.
- Strengthens muscles.
- Reduces risks of diabetes, stroke, and some cancers.
Exercise supports physical and mental health.
How does exercise support mental well-being?
Regular exercise helps:
- Reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety.
- Boosts mood and energy levels.
What impact does sleep have on mental health?
Good sleep supports cognitive functions like memory and decision-making while regulating mood.
Sleep improves mental clarity and emotional stability.
How does sleep deprivation affect physical health?
Chronic sleep deprivation raises risks of:
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Heart disease
How does maintaining a healthy weight improve health?
- Reducing the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
- Supporting energy and joint health.
How do lifestyle changes improve mental health?
Physical activity, balanced diet, sleep, and stress management can reduce depression and improve mental well-being.
Healthy lifestyle choices slow aging by reducing the risk of age-related diseases and improve quality of life.
How does a sedentary lifestyle affect heart health?
Inactivity increases the risk of:
- Heart disease
- High blood pressure
- Obesity
What is metabolic syndrome, and how is it related to a sedentary lifestyle?
Metabolic syndrome includes conditions like:
- Obesity
- High cholesterol
- Increasing the risk of heart disease
- Diabetes
