1.B. Professional Practices and Communication in Health Education

Question 1

What are some components that should be included in the plan for developing a school health education program?

Answer 1

• A delineation of roles
• Necessary resources
• Specific tasks
• A timeline for development

These components help clarify responsibilities and ensure effective planning.

Question 2

Why is it important for committee members to investigate relevant literature and policies?

Answer 2

To understand the:

• Federal legislation
• State-specific policies
• local school policies

that affect health education.

This ensures the program complies with all legal requirements.

Question 3

What are the key factors to consider when developing a school health education program curriculum?

Answer 3

The curriculum must be:

• Comprehensive
• Sequential
• Build on prior knowledge
• Lay a foundation for future knowledge
• Include instructional strategies and assessments aligned to standards

The curriculum for each grade level should outline:

• What students need to learn
• Skills they must develop

Question 4

What is essential for teachers during the implementation of a new curriculum?

Answer 4

Teachers need time to field test lessons and provide feedback for updates.

This iterative process helps refine the curriculum based on real classroom experiences.

Question 5

Why is professional development important for teachers in a school health education program?

Answer 5

It ensures teachers are educated about the topics they teach and continuously update their knowledge and skills.

Professional development can be gained through:

• Meetings
• Workshops
• Classes

Question 6

What is a yearly review process in the context of curriculum development?

Answer 6

It involves gathering teacher feedback and screening new materials for potential inclusion in the health education program.

This process helps keep the curriculum relevant and effective.

Question 7

Who are the relevant stakeholders that curriculum committee members need to communicate with?

Answer 7

• Teachers
• Administrators
• School board members
• Community members
• Family members of students

Effective communication with stakeholders is crucial for the success of the health education program.

Question 8

What are the key components of effective communication in a school setting?

Answer 8

Effective communication includes:

• Active listening
• Clear messaging
• Empathy
• Open dialogue

Question 9

How can active listening improve communication with students?

Answer 9

• Helps students feel heard and understood.
• Promotes trust between teachers and students.
• Boosts students’ confidence.
• Strengthens teacher-student relationships.

Active listening involves maintaining eye contact, nodding, paraphrasing, and avoiding interruptions to ensure students feel valued.

Question 10

What is the difference between mediation and negotiation in conflict resolution?

Answer 10

• Mediation: Involves a neutral third party (mediator) who facilitates communication to help conflicting parties reach a resolution.
• Negotiation: A direct interaction between the conflicting parties, where they work towards a mutually acceptable agreement.

The mediator does not impose decisions.

Question 11

How can educators maintain effective communication with parents?

Answer 11

• Regular update
• Parent-teacher meetings
• Positive feedback

Consistent and transparent communication fosters trust, strengthens the school-parent partnership, and enhances student success.

Question 12

What role do committee members play in advocating for their health education program?

Answer 12

They act as advocates and promoters, liaising with key decision makers.

This may involve presenting their program’s benefits to district personnel and elected officials.

Question 13

What is the purpose of developing presentations and media by the curriculum committee?

Answer 13

To explain the program’s benefits to the public and stakeholders.

Presentations can highlight successes such as reducing childhood obesity rates.

Question 14

What is Health Education?

Answer 14

Any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes.

Health education can occur at various levels and formats, from preschools to lifelong learning.

Question 15

What are health education policies and regulations?

Answer 15

Developed by governments and unions, they outline the:

• objectives
• goals
• standards
• requirements

for those facilitating health education.

These policies ensure the quality of health education delivery.

Question 16

What is the National Health Education Standards ?

(NHES)

Answer 16

A regulation designed in 1995 to establish, promote, and support health behaviors for students from pre-kindergarten through grade 12 in the U.S.

NHES guides teachers in curriculum development and training delivery.

Question 17

What ethical dilemmas do health educators face?

Answer 17

Determining the right age to discuss reproductive health and respecting parental rights while ensuring patient education.

These dilemmas require careful consideration of cultural, geographical, and religious factors.

Question 18

How can health education contribute to disease prevention?

Answer 18

By increasing health literacy among the population through school curriculum and health education programs.

Primary and secondary schools play a crucial role in this process.

Question 19

What methods can be used for health education beyond schools and clinics?

Answer 19

• Postgraduate courses
• Workplace training
• Media information
• Public activities

These methods can significantly enhance health knowledge in the community.

Question 20

What is the importance of updating health education standards?

Answer 20

To ensure they meet the realities of a fast-changing world and maintain education quality.

Regular updates are essential for effective health education.

Question 21

What is a Decision-Making Model?

Answer 21

A structure or framework to review and analyze potential solutions for the best decision.

It is crucial for businesses to match the model with their leadership style.

Question 22

What are constraints in decision-making?

Answer 22

• Financial constraints
• Resource limitations

Constraints in decision-making

Factors that limit options and decisions, such as scarcity and time.

Question 23

What are the types of decision-making models?

Answer 23

• Rational
• Bounded rationality
• Intuitive
• Vroom-Yetton
• Recognition primed

Question 24

How do you select the appropriate decision-making model?

Answer 24

Each decison-making model fits different organizational leadership styles.

Question 25

What are the **key tools** of **rational** decision-making model?

Answer 25

* Pareto chart * Decision trees * Clinical path analysis

Question 26

What are the *seven* questions of the **Vroom-Yetton model**?

Answer 26

* What are the quality requirements? * What is the commitment requirement? * Is the leader's information sufficient? * Is the problem well-structured? * Would a team provide necessary commitment? * Do subordinates share the same goals? * Is there subordinate conflict? ## Footnote These questions help clarify decision-making contexts.

Question 27

What are the *key elements* of the **decision-making** process?

Answer 27

1. Identifying the problem 2. Gathering information 3. Evaluating alternatives 4. Choosing a course of action 5. Making the decision ## Footnote These **ordered steps** are essential for effective decision-making.

Question 28

Identify *three types* of **Cognitive Bias**.

Answer 28

* Anchoring bias * Availability bias * Confirmation bias ## Footnote The cognitive bias can negatively influence decision-making process.

Question 29

What is the **Halo Effect**?

Answer 29

Allowing an **overall impression** of a person to influence feelings about them in all situations. ## Footnote This is also known as a **spill-over** effect and can affect decision-making regarding individuals.

Question 30

What is **Character Education**?

Answer 30

Lessons and activities that develop a student's character. ## Footnote Character education can be integrated into the regular curriculum and classroom activities.

Question 31

What is the concept of **Bucket Fillers** in character education?

Answer 31

Students who consistently do good and help others in the classroom. ## Footnote Bucket fillers earn tokens for their positive behavior, which leads to rewards.

Question 32

What is a **character play**?

Answer 32

A skit where students focus on a skill such as conflict resolution, mutual respect, and bullying prevention. ## Footnote Students write and act out scenarios to demonstrate the skills and attributes.

Question 33

Name a **book** that can be used **to teach character education**.

Answer 33

James and the Giant Peach ## Footnote This book can teach about teamwork and overcoming adversity.

Question 34

What are some *positive effects* of **character education** in schools?

Answer 34

* Reduces bullying * Improves test scores * Reduces cheating * Raises graduation rates * Increases student engagement * Enhances teacher retention ## Footnote Character education positively impacts both academic and social outcomes for students.

Question 35

What is the definition of **Developmental Theory**?

Answer 35

It describes the different theories associated with **how one grows from childhood into late adulthood**, focusing on psychological and physiological aspects. ## Footnote It emphasizes recognizing patterns that lead to mental or physical illness and developing preventative methods.

Question 36

What are the **five major developmental theories**?

Answer 36

* Freud's Theory * Piaget's Theory * Erikson's Theory * Bowlby's Theory * Bandura's Theory ## Footnote These theories significantly influence psychology today due to their foundational ideas and intellectual contributions.

Question 37

What is the *focus* of **Psychoanalytic Theories** **of development**?

Answer 37

Aspects of the **unconscious** and how they affect behavior. ## Footnote Sigmund Freud is the founder of this school of thought.

Question 38

What is the *main focus* of **Piaget's theory**?

Answer 38

The way a child **thinks** compared to an adult's thought processes. ## Footnote The four stages of **Piaget's cognitive theory** are sensory motor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Question 39

What is the main idea of **Kohlberg's Theory** **of** **Moral Development**?

Answer 39

Humans develop through *six stages* associated with moral reasoning and the ability to **distinguish right from wrong**. ## Footnote **Limitation**: It does not account for physical development and relies heavily on cultural characteristics.

Question 40

How do **learning theories** *differ* from **cognitive-developmental theories**?

Answer 40

Learning theories focus on how individuals learn from their environment rather than how they think. ## Footnote Learning theories can be tested and applied to real-life situations.

Question 41

What are the four **major principles** of **Cognitive Development**?

Answer 41

1. Development proceeds in orderly and predictable patterns. 2. Growth occurs in spurts. 3. Different children develop at different rates. 4. Development is affected by both nature and nurture. ## Footnote **Nature** refers to traits which are inherited or genetic, like hair and eye color. **Nurture** refers to all environmental influences after conception.

Question 42

What is the basis of **Pavlov's Theory of Classical Conditioning**?

Answer 42

Learning through association between **stimuli and behaviors**. ## Footnote **Limitation**: This theory suggests that behavior can be altered by changing associations.

Question 43

What is the main principle of **Skinner's Theory of Operant Conditioning**?

Answer 43

The **consequences of an experience** determine whether an individual will repeat an action. ## Footnote **Limitation**: It fails to explain cognitive issues related to language and memory.

Question 44

What is a critique of **Bandura's Social Learning Theory?**

Answer 44

It may **ignore inherited factors** that influence behavior. ## Footnote This raises questions about the balance between learned behaviors and innate characteristics.

Question 45

How did **Darwin's Theory of Evolution** impact theories of development?

Answer 45

It prompted consideration of biological influences in human development which led to a **broader understanding** of human origins and development. ## Footnote **Limitation** : Inability to account for abstract cognition and refined social problems.

Question 46

What aspects does **systems theory** take into account in human development?

Answer 46

* Biological factors * Social roles * Familial influences * Organizational influences ## Footnote Systems theory provides a wider understanding of all aspects of society influencing the individual.

Question 47

What is the focus of **epigenetics** in understanding human development?

Answer 47

Combination of **biological and environmental** forces affecting behavior. ## Footnote It underscores genetic tendencies towards conditions such as alcoholism.

Question 48

What are the *five systems* in **Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory**?

Answer 48

* Microsystem * Mesosystem * Exosystem * Macrosystem * Chronosystem ## Footnote Each system represents different layers of environmental influence on development.

Question 49

What is the term used to describe the environment **inside the uterus** where the unborn child develops?

Answer 49

Prenatal environment ## Footnote The prenatal environment is influenced by the **mother's physical and emotional state**.

Question 50

What is the *significance* of **prenatal care** for brain development?

Answer 50

Essential due to rapid development during gestation. ## Footnote Proper care should start **before birth and continue through childhood**.

Question 51

When does **fetal brain** development begin?

Answer 51

Soon after conception, specifically during the **third week of gestation**. ## Footnote This process continues into early adulthood.

Question 52

What structures begin to form **25 days after conception**?

Answer 52

* Neuronal connections * Neural tube

Question 53

What structures form from the **neural tube**?

Answer 53

The baby's brain, spinal cord, and cerebral cortex.

Question 54

What are the two types of cells that **neuronal progenitor cells** transform into?

Answer 54

* Neurons * Glia ## Footnote These cells are essential for the nervous system.

Question 55

What *significant change* occurs in the brain during the **first, second, and third trimester**?

Answer 55

* Millions of **neurons** grow during the **first** trimester which is crucial for the normal development of the fetus. * The map of **neural connections**, known as the connectome, begins to form in the **second** trimester. * The brain separates into **left and right hemispheres** in the **third** trimester. The **cerebellum** grows significantly faster during the third trimester.

Question 56

What **reflexes** can the fetus exhibit by **week 16** of gestation?

Answer 56

* Sucking * Swallowing ## Footnote By **week 21**, the fetus can swallow amniotic fluid.

Question 57

At what point does a fetus exhibit coordinated brain activity required for **consciousness**?

Answer 57

24-25 weeks of pregnancy ## Footnote This marks the end of the second trimester and the beginning of the third trimester. At this point, the brain has all the cortical neurons formed for the rest of the individual's life and the **neuronal migration is complete**.

Question 58

What responses *increase* in fetuses during the **third trimester**?

Answer 58

* Yawning * Resting with arms crossed * Self-touch ## Footnote These responses are often triggered by maternal stimuli.

Question 59

What are the **factors that impact** fetal brain development?

Answer 59

* Proper nutrition * Toxins or infections * Child's experiences ## Footnote These factors influence how well the brain develops.

Question 60

What are the *largest contributors* to **fetal harm**?

Answer 60

* Alcohol * Smoking ## Footnote **Drinking** during pregnancy can cause irreversible brain damage. **Chemicals** in cigarettes negatively impact communication between neurons and diminish neuron formation. During the **first trimester**, the fetus is most vulnerable to damage from exogenous substances.

Question 61

Which **chronic conditions** can impact **prenatal development**?

Answer 61

* High blood pressure * Diabetes * Illnesses like rubella ## Footnote The **severity and duration** of these conditions affect their impact.

Question 62

What **nutrients** are essential for the development of an unborn child?

Answer 62

* Protein * Calcium * Iron * Essential fatty acids * Folic acid ## Footnote The most important vitamin for healthy prenatal development is **folic acid** to prevent neural tube defects.

Question 63

What does the **Visual Cliff** experiment study?

Answer 63

Infants' ability to **perceive depth**. ## Footnote The experiment involves a setup where infants encounter a perceived drop-off to test their depth perception. The two surfaces in the visual cliff experiment are made of two parallel patterned surfaces with Plexiglas, creating the illusion of a cliff without the risk of falling.

Question 64

What are some **reflexes** that help secure infants' **safety and survival**?

Answer 64

* Grasping reflex * Blinking reflex * Rooting reflex ## Footnote These reflexes are biologically wired behaviors that support infant development.

Question 65

How do infants show they **recognize danger**?

Answer 65

* Shut their eyes to bright light. * Pull away from sharp objects. ## Footnote This instinctive behavior helps protect them from harm.

Question 66

What do **growth and development** refer to in the principles of growth and development?

Answer 66

* **Development** encompasses the changes in behavior and capabilities as an individual matures. * **Growth** refers specifically to the physical changes in size and structure of an organism.

Question 67

What is **maturation** in the context of growth and development?

Answer 67

Acquisition of new abilities based on growth and development. ## Footnote Maturation involves the natural progression of developing new skills and abilities as the individual grows.

Question 68

Identify the four important **Principles of Growth and Development**.

Answer 68

* Principles of Association of Maturation and Learning * Orthogenetic principle * Cephalocaudal principle * Proximodistal principle ## Footnote These principles provide a framework for understanding human growth and development.

Question 69

What does the **principle of integration** state?

Answer 69

Learning happens in parts and is integrated together as a whole. ## Footnote For example, one must learn the individual components of drawing before combining them into a complete picture.

Question 70

What principle states that growth and development are **continuous**?

Answer 70

Principle of Continuity ## Footnote This principle emphasizes that development is an ongoing process, where changes occur steadily over time rather than in abrupt stages.

Question 71

What does the principle of **lack of uniformity** indicate?

Answer 71

Growth and development do not occur at the same rate for all individuals or even within the same individual over time.

Question 72

What is the **principle of interrelation** in growth and development?

Answer 72

Development in one area can impact the development of another area. ## Footnote This principle highlights the interconnectedness of different developmental domains.

Question 73

What is a **significant critique** of human growth and development theories?

Answer 73

Many theories only account for part of the human experience. ## Footnote A more unified understanding that integrates various perspectives is necessary.

Question 74

What is a **sensitive period** of development?

Answer 74

A critical period in child development where children are sensitive to specific stimuli or interactions. occurring between **birth and six years** of age. ## Footnote The term was developed by Dutch geneticist **Hugo de Vries** and later used by Italian educator **Maria Montessori**.

Question 75

What happens *after* the **sensitive period** of development?

Answer 75

After age six, children find it **harder to learn** certain abilities and must be taught these formally, which requires more effort and often leads to frustration. ## Footnote This emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences in **learning**.

Question 76

What are the **five observable behaviors** during the sensitive period?

Answer 76

* Engages in an activity with a distinct beginning, middle, and end. * Cannot resist the activity. * Returns to the activity repeatedly. * Becomes emotionally attached to the activity. * Displays satisfaction once the activity is completed. ## Footnote These behaviors indicate a child's engagement and focus during the sensitive period.

Question 77

What are the categories of **sensitive periods**?

Answer 77

1. Language 2. Order 3. Sensory skills 4. Motor skills 5. Social skills ## Footnote Each category represents **different abilities and skills** acquired during specific age ranges.

Question 78

What can result from a **lack of stimulation** during sensitive periods?

Answer 78

**Challenges and difficulties** that may persist into adulthood. ## Footnote Positive experiences during these periods can lead to lasting benefits.

Question 79

# Define: Developmental Milestone

Answer 79

A significant point in a child's growth and development that indicates the achievement of a particular skill or ability. ## Footnote Developmental milestones occur in a predictable order, such as rolling over before crawling.