1.B. Professional Practices and Communication in Health Education Flashcards
This deck covers communication strategies, ethics, decision-making models, character education, physical growth, and professional development for health educators.
What are some components that should be included in the plan for developing a school health education program?
- A delineation of roles
- Necessary resources
- Specific tasks
- A timeline for development
These components help clarify responsibilities and ensure effective planning.
Why is it important for committee members to investigate relevant literature and policies?
To understand the:
- Federal legislation
- State-specific policies
- local school policies
that affect health education.
This ensures the program complies with all legal requirements.
What are the key factors to consider when developing a school health education program curriculum?
The curriculum must be:
- Comprehensive
- Sequential
- Build on prior knowledge
- Lay a foundation for future knowledge
- Include instructional strategies and assessments aligned to standards
The curriculum for each grade level should outline:
- What students need to learn
- Skills they must develop
What is essential for teachers during the implementation of a new curriculum?
Teachers need time to field test lessons and provide feedback for updates.
This iterative process helps refine the curriculum based on real classroom experiences.
Why is professional development important for teachers in a school health education program?
It ensures teachers are educated about the topics they teach and continuously update their knowledge and skills.
Professional development can be gained through:
- Meetings
- Workshops
- Classes
What is a yearly review process in the context of curriculum development?
It involves gathering teacher feedback and screening new materials for potential inclusion in the health education program.
This process helps keep the curriculum relevant and effective.
Who are the relevant stakeholders that curriculum committee members need to communicate with?
- Teachers
- Administrators
- School board members
- Community members
- Family members of students
Effective communication with stakeholders is crucial for the success of the health education program.
What are the key components of effective communication in a school setting?
Effective communication includes:
- Active listening
- Clear messaging
- Empathy
- Open dialogue
How can active listening improve communication with students?
- Helps students feel heard and understood.
- Promotes trust between teachers and students.
- Boosts students’ confidence.
- Strengthens teacher-student relationships.
Active listening involves maintaining eye contact, nodding, paraphrasing, and avoiding interruptions to ensure students feel valued.
What is the difference between mediation and negotiation in conflict resolution?
- Mediation: Involves a neutral third party (mediator) who facilitates communication to help conflicting parties reach a resolution.
- Negotiation: A direct interaction between the conflicting parties, where they work towards a mutually acceptable agreement.
The mediator does not impose decisions.
How can educators maintain effective communication with parents?
- Regular update
- Parent-teacher meetings
- Positive feedback
Consistent and transparent communication fosters trust, strengthens the school-parent partnership, and enhances student success.
What role do committee members play in advocating for their health education program?
They act as advocates and promoters, liaising with key decision makers.
This may involve presenting their program’s benefits to district personnel and elected officials.
What is the purpose of developing presentations and media by the curriculum committee?
To explain the program’s benefits to the public and stakeholders.
Presentations can highlight successes such as reducing childhood obesity rates.
What is Health Education?
Any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes.
Health education can occur at various levels and formats, from preschools to lifelong learning.
What are health education policies and regulations?
Developed by governments and unions, they outline the:
- objectives
- goals
- standards
- requirements
for those facilitating health education.
These policies ensure the quality of health education delivery.
What is the National Health Education Standards ?
(NHES)
A regulation designed in 1995 to establish, promote, and support health behaviors for students from pre-kindergarten through grade 12 in the U.S.
NHES guides teachers in curriculum development and training delivery.
What ethical dilemmas do health educators face?
Determining the right age to discuss reproductive health and respecting parental rights while ensuring patient education.
These dilemmas require careful consideration of cultural, geographical, and religious factors.
How can health education contribute to disease prevention?
By increasing health literacy among the population through school curriculum and health education programs.
Primary and secondary schools play a crucial role in this process.
What methods can be used for health education beyond schools and clinics?
- Postgraduate courses
- Workplace training
- Media information
- Public activities
These methods can significantly enhance health knowledge in the community.
What is the importance of updating health education standards?
To ensure they meet the realities of a fast-changing world and maintain education quality.
Regular updates are essential for effective health education.
What is a Decision-Making Model?
A structure or framework to review and analyze potential solutions for the best decision.
It is crucial for businesses to match the model with their leadership style.
What are constraints in decision-making?
- Financial constraints
- Resource limitations
Factors that limit options and decisions, such as scarcity and time.
What are the types of decision-making models?
- Rational
- Bounded rationality
- Intuitive
- Vroom-Yetton
- Recognition primed
How do you select the appropriate decision-making model?
Each decison-making model fits different organizational leadership styles.
What are the key tools of rational decision-making model?
- Pareto chart
- Decision trees
- Clinical path analysis
What are the seven questions of the Vroom-Yetton model?
- What are the quality requirements?
- What is the commitment requirement?
- Is the leader’s information sufficient?
- Is the problem well-structured?
- Would a team provide necessary commitment?
- Do subordinates share the same goals?
- Is there subordinate conflict?
These questions help clarify decision-making contexts.
What are the key elements of the decision-making process?
- Identifying the problem
- Gathering information
- Evaluating alternatives
- Choosing a course of action
- Making the decision
These ordered steps are essential for effective decision-making.
Identify three types of Cognitive Bias.
- Anchoring bias
- Availability bias
- Confirmation bias
The cognitive bias can negatively influence decision-making process.
What is the Halo Effect?
Allowing an overall impression of a person to influence feelings about them in all situations.
This is also known as a spill-over effect and can affect decision-making regarding individuals.
What is Character Education?
Lessons and activities that develop a student’s character.
Character education can be integrated into the regular curriculum and classroom activities.
What is the concept of Bucket Fillers in character education?
Students who consistently do good and help others in the classroom.
Bucket fillers earn tokens for their positive behavior, which leads to rewards.
What is a character play?
A skit where students focus on a skill such as conflict resolution, mutual respect, and bullying prevention.
Students write and act out scenarios to demonstrate the skills and attributes.
Name a book that can be used to teach character education.
James and the Giant Peach
This book can teach about teamwork and overcoming adversity.
What are some positive effects of character education in schools?
- Reduces bullying
- Improves test scores
- Reduces cheating
- Raises graduation rates
- Increases student engagement
- Enhances teacher retention
Character education positively impacts both academic and social outcomes for students.
What is the definition of Developmental Theory?
It describes the different theories associated with how one grows from childhood into late adulthood, focusing on psychological and physiological aspects.
It emphasizes recognizing patterns that lead to mental or physical illness and developing preventative methods.
What are the five major developmental theories?
- Freud’s Theory
- Piaget’s Theory
- Erikson’s Theory
- Bowlby’s Theory
- Bandura’s Theory
These theories significantly influence psychology today due to their foundational ideas and intellectual contributions.
What is the focus of Psychoanalytic Theories of development?
Aspects of the unconscious and how they affect behavior.
Sigmund Freud is the founder of this school of thought.
What is the main focus of Piaget’s theory?
The way a child thinks compared to an adult’s thought processes.
The four stages of Piaget’s cognitive theory are sensory motor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
What is the main idea of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?
Humans develop through six stages associated with moral reasoning and the ability to distinguish right from wrong.
Limitation: It does not account for physical development and relies heavily on cultural characteristics.
How do learning theories differ from cognitive-developmental theories?
Learning theories focus on how individuals learn from their environment rather than how they think.
Learning theories can be tested and applied to real-life situations.
What are the four major principles of Cognitive Development?
- Development proceeds in orderly and predictable patterns.
- Growth occurs in spurts.
- Different children develop at different rates.
- Development is affected by both nature and nurture.
Nature refers to traits which are inherited or genetic, like hair and eye color.
Nurture refers to all environmental influences after conception.
What is the basis of Pavlov’s Theory of Classical Conditioning?
Learning through association between stimuli and behaviors.
Limitation: This theory suggests that behavior can be altered by changing associations.
What is the main principle of Skinner’s Theory of Operant Conditioning?
The consequences of an experience determine whether an individual will repeat an action.
Limitation: It fails to explain cognitive issues related to language and memory.
What is a critique of Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?
It may ignore inherited factors that influence behavior.
This raises questions about the balance between learned behaviors and innate characteristics.
How did Darwin’s Theory of Evolution impact theories of development?
It prompted consideration of biological influences in human development which led to a broader understanding of human origins and development.
Limitation : Inability to account for abstract cognition and refined social problems.
What aspects does systems theory take into account in human development?
- Biological factors
- Social roles
- Familial influences
- Organizational influences
Systems theory provides a wider understanding of all aspects of society influencing the individual.
What is the focus of epigenetics in understanding human development?
Combination of biological and environmental forces affecting behavior.
It underscores genetic tendencies towards conditions such as alcoholism.
What are the five systems in Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory?
- Microsystem
- Mesosystem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
- Chronosystem
Each system represents different layers of environmental influence on development.
What is the term used to describe the environment inside the uterus where the unborn child develops?
Prenatal environment
The prenatal environment is influenced by the mother’s physical and emotional state.
What is the significance of prenatal care for brain development?
Essential due to rapid development during gestation.
Proper care should start before birth and continue through childhood.
When does fetal brain development begin?
Soon after conception, specifically during the third week of gestation.
This process continues into early adulthood.
What structures begin to form 25 days after conception?
- Neuronal connections
- Neural tube
What structures form from the neural tube?
The baby’s brain, spinal cord, and cerebral cortex.
What are the two types of cells that neuronal progenitor cells transform into?
- Neurons
- Glia
These cells are essential for the nervous system.
What significant change occurs in the brain during the first, second, and third trimester?
- Millions of neurons grow during the first trimester which is crucial for the normal development of the fetus.
- The map of neural connections, known as the connectome, begins to form in the second trimester.
- The brain separates into left and right hemispheres in the third trimester. The cerebellum grows significantly faster during the third trimester.
What reflexes can the fetus exhibit by week 16 of gestation?
- Sucking
- Swallowing
By week 21, the fetus can swallow amniotic fluid.
At what point does a fetus exhibit coordinated brain activity required for consciousness?
24-25 weeks of pregnancy
This marks the end of the second trimester and the beginning of the third trimester.
At this point, the brain has all the cortical neurons formed for the rest of the individual’s life and the neuronal migration is complete.
What responses increase in fetuses during the third trimester?
- Yawning
- Resting with arms crossed
- Self-touch
These responses are often triggered by maternal stimuli.
What are the factors that impact fetal brain development?
- Proper nutrition
- Toxins or infections
- Child’s experiences
These factors influence how well the brain develops.
What are the largest contributors to fetal harm?
- Alcohol
- Smoking
Drinking during pregnancy can cause irreversible brain damage.
Chemicals in cigarettes negatively impact communication between neurons and diminish neuron formation.
During the first trimester, the fetus is most vulnerable to damage from exogenous substances.
Which chronic conditions can impact prenatal development?
- High blood pressure
- Diabetes
- Illnesses like rubella
The severity and duration of these conditions affect their impact.
What nutrients are essential for the development of an unborn child?
- Protein
- Calcium
- Iron
- Essential fatty acids
- Folic acid
The most important vitamin for healthy prenatal development is folic acid to prevent neural tube defects.
What does the Visual Cliff experiment study?
Infants’ ability to perceive depth.
The experiment involves a setup where infants encounter a perceived drop-off to test their depth perception.
The two surfaces in the visual cliff experiment are made of two parallel patterned surfaces with Plexiglas, creating the illusion of a cliff without the risk of falling.
What are some reflexes that help secure infants’ safety and survival?
- Grasping reflex
- Blinking reflex
- Rooting reflex
These reflexes are biologically wired behaviors that support infant development.
How do infants show they recognize danger?
- Shut their eyes to bright light.
- Pull away from sharp objects.
This instinctive behavior helps protect them from harm.
What do growth and development refer to in the principles of growth and development?
- Development encompasses the changes in behavior and capabilities as an individual matures.
- Growth refers specifically to the physical changes in size and structure of an organism.
What is maturation in the context of growth and development?
Acquisition of new abilities based on growth and development.
Maturation involves the natural progression of developing new skills and abilities as the individual grows.
Identify the four important Principles of Growth and Development.
- Principles of Association of Maturation and Learning
- Orthogenetic principle
- Cephalocaudal principle
- Proximodistal principle
These principles provide a framework for understanding human growth and development.
What does the principle of integration state?
Learning happens in parts and is integrated together as a whole.
For example, one must learn the individual components of drawing before combining them into a complete picture.
What principle states that growth and development are continuous?
Principle of Continuity
This principle emphasizes that development is an ongoing process, where changes occur steadily over time rather than in abrupt stages.
What does the principle of lack of uniformity indicate?
Growth and development do not occur at the same rate for all individuals or even within the same individual over time.
What is the principle of interrelation in growth and development?
Development in one area can impact the development of another area.
This principle highlights the interconnectedness of different developmental domains.
What is a significant critique of human growth and development theories?
Many theories only account for part of the human experience.
A more unified understanding that integrates various perspectives is necessary.
What is a sensitive period of development?
A critical period in child development where children are sensitive to specific stimuli or interactions. occurring between birth and six years of age.
The term was developed by Dutch geneticist Hugo de Vries and later used by Italian educator Maria Montessori.
What happens after the sensitive period of development?
After age six, children find it harder to learn certain abilities and must be taught these formally, which requires more effort and often leads to frustration.
This emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences in learning.
What are the five observable behaviors during the sensitive period?
- Engages in an activity with a distinct beginning, middle, and end.
- Cannot resist the activity.
- Returns to the activity repeatedly.
- Becomes emotionally attached to the activity.
- Displays satisfaction once the activity is completed.
These behaviors indicate a child’s engagement and focus during the sensitive period.
What are the categories of sensitive periods?
- Language
- Order
- Sensory skills
- Motor skills
- Social skills
Each category represents different abilities and skills acquired during specific age ranges.
What can result from a lack of stimulation during sensitive periods?
Challenges and difficulties that may persist into adulthood.
Positive experiences during these periods can lead to lasting benefits.
Define:
Developmental Milestone
A significant point in a child’s growth and development that indicates the achievement of a particular skill or ability.
Developmental milestones occur in a predictable order, such as rolling over before crawling.
