3. B. Relationships and Mental and Emotional Health Flashcards
This deck covers factors influencing relationships, including socioeconomics, family dynamics, communication, decision-making, psychosocial development, human sexuality, and strategies for promoting healthy interactions, preventing abuse, and addressing mental health.
Define:
Puberty
A body developmental stage that transforms a child into adulthood, involving physical and emotional body changes.
Puberty is linked to several hormones such as:
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- Testosterone
- Estrogen
- Luteinizing hormone
- Follicle-stimulating hormone
What triggers the biological process of puberty in adolescents?
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland releasing gonadotrophins.
What is one example of a primary sex characteristic change in males during puberty?
Increase in the size of the prostate gland.
At what age range can developmentally normal female bodies experience puberty?
8 to 15 years.
What are secondary sex characteristics?
Visible changes that mark adult maturation, such as:
- Body hair growth
- Voice changes
Which factor is highlighted as having the most positive influence on adolescent sexual decision-making?
Parental influence
What impact can alcohol and drugs have on sexual decision-making?
They can negatively impact decision-making.
Why is it important to understand the media’s messages related to sexual decision-making?
Understanding the media’s messages related to sexual decision-making is crucial because media can significantly influence attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Examples include:
- Shaping Perceptions
- Setting Expectations
- Informing Decisions
- Challenging Stereotypes
- Promoting Healthy Relationships
What measures can help prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases?
(STDs)
- Regular testing
- Engaging in Safe Practices
- Vaccinations
- Avoiding High-Risk Activities
How can drugs and alcohol contribute to high-risk sexual behaviors?
- Impaired judgment.
- Increase the risk of unintended consequences.
- Affect decision-making abilities.
Which two sexually transmitted infections have a preventative vaccine?
- Human papillomavirus
- Hepatitis B
How can exposure to images of conventionally attractive women in the media impact girls and women?
- Make them feel inadequate.
- Lower their self-esteem.
What is the primary purpose of barrier methods of contraception?
To physically prevent sperm from contacting the egg.
What are the benefits of exercise during pregnancy?
- Prevention of too much weight gain.
- An increase in strength and stamina.
- Stress relief.
- Better sleep.
- An increase in mood and energy levels.
Exercise during pregnancy helps to lessen the symptoms of postpartum depression.
How much exercise should healthy pregnant females aim for each week?
At least 2.5 hours of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week.
Examples of moderate-intensity activities include:
- Brisk walking
- Stationary biking
- Swimming
What is the definition of emotional health?
A state of well-being characterized by a:
- Positive outlook.
- Good self-esteem.
- Ability to interact well with others.
Emotional health is often closely tied to mental health.
Identify some techniques to improve mental and emotional health during pregnancy.
- Know when to say no and ask for help.
- Try relaxation techniques (yoga, meditation).
- Join a support group.
- Eat a healthy and balanced diet.
- Seek help from a therapist.
These techniques can help manage stress and anxiety during pregnancy.
When does labor typically initiate during a normal pregnancy?
Between weeks 37 to 42.
Labor usually lasts for 6 to 18 hours or more.
What condition is characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria after the 20th week of pregnancy?
Preeclampsia
The only cure for preeclampsia is to deliver the baby.
What is considered a full-term baby?
If it develops inside the mother for 39-40 weeks.
Full-term development is crucial for the baby’s health and well-being.
What is a miscarriage?
Also known as spontaneous abortion.
The termination of a pregnancy before week 20.
Miscarriages occur due to various factors, often beyond the mother’s control.
What are potential causes of miscarriages?
Potential causes include:
- Chromosomal irregularities
- Exposure to toxins
- Abnormal hormone levels
- Abnormal uterus structure
These factors can prevent normal fetal development.
Define:
stillbirth
Refers to a baby who dies in the uterus and is born with no signs of life.
Stillbirth can occur at any time during pregnancy, not just in preterm cases.
What risk factors may increase the chance of stillbirth?
Risk factors include:
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Advanced maternal age
- Multiple births
- Certain diseases (e.g., PCOS, Type 1 Diabetes)
- Race (higher rates in African American women)
These factors can contribute to complications during pregnancy.
What is a Cesarean section (C-section)?
A surgical procedure to deliver a baby through an incision in the mother’s abdomen and uterus.
C-sections are performed when a vaginal birth is not safe for the mother or baby.
What heart condition can result from cocaine use?
Tachycardia
Tachycardia is a high heart rate caused by increased chemical signals.
What medication is used to block heroin’s effects?
Also known as an antidote.
Naltrexone
Naltrexone blocks the effects of the opioid receptors targeted by heroin.
What are some behavioral treatment options for drug addiction?
- Positive reinforcement
- Multidimensional family therapy
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy
These approaches are essential alongside medication.
What is the typical duration of residential treatment for severe addiction?
Between six and twelve months.
This program is designed to help individuals learn to live drug-free.
What is the definition of substance use disorder?
(SUD)
Problems arising from substance use measured on a scale from 1 to 11, or mild to severe.
SUD is specific to the substance being used, such as alcohol.
What types of criteria indicate impaired control over substance use?
- Taking in more of the substance than intended.
- Trying to cut down or quit.
- Spending a lot of time getting, using, and recovering from use.
- Craving the substance.
These criteria are classified as 1-4 in the DSM-5.
Identify the criteria types associated with social impairment in substance use disorders.
- Negative effects in fulfilling responsibilities at work, school, or home.
- Using despite social or interpersonal problems.
- Reducing normal activities due to use.
These criteria are classified as 5-7 in the DSM-5.
What are the primary signs of child abuse?
- Changes in behaviors
- Anger
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Low self-esteem
- Unusual fear
Other signs may include:
- Aggression
- Bruises
- Nightmares
What are the four identified types of child abuse?
- Physical abuse
- Neglect
- Psychological abuse
- Sexual abuse and exploitation
Each type has distinct characteristics and effects.
What behaviors are considered physical abuse?
Involves physically injuring a child through:
- Hitting
- Burning
- Beatings
- Suffocating
- Stabbing
- Poisoning
- Throwing
It can also involve encouraging children to harm others.
Define:
Neglect
Occurs when a caregiver fails to provide essential needs, such as:
- Food
- Housing
- Clothing
- Medical care
- Education
- Attention
- Supervision
The four types of neglect are:
- Physical neglect
- Medical neglect
- Educational neglect
- Emotional neglect
Define:
Educational Neglect
Occurs when a caregiver fails to provide education to a child, such as not enrolling them in school.
This can hinder a child’s future opportunities.
Define:
Emotional Neglect
Occurs when parents fail to respond to a child’s emotional needs, leading to feelings of worthlessness.
Examples include not acknowledging a child’s feelings or ignoring their need for affection.
What role do mandated reporters play in child abuse cases?
They are responsible for reporting suspected child abuse to authorities for intervention.
This helps ensure the child receives necessary protection and support.
What is psychological abuse?
Also described as mental abuse or emotional abuse.
Involves verbal, mental, and emotional damage through derogatory statements and ridicule.
Behavior intended to undermine a person’s well-being or self-esteem.
What are some common characteristics of psychological abuse?
- Attacks on a victim’s character
- Obscenities
- Negative tones
- Exploitation
- Excessive teasing
- Harmful threats
- Silent treatment
- Gaslighting
These characteristics can severely affect the victim’s mental health.
What are some short-term consequences of psychological abuse?
- Difficulty concentrating
- Moodiness
- Muscle tension
- Nightmares
- Racing heartbeat
- Various aches and pains
Short-term effects can significantly disrupt daily life.
What are some long-term consequences of psychological abuse?
- Depression
- Anti-social behaviors
- Low self-esteem
- Intellectual deficits
- Academic difficulties
- Health problems
- Shyness
- Anxiety
Long-term effects can lead to severe mental health issues.
What behavioral patterns may suggest an abusive disposition?
- Undue pressure on others.
- Subjectivity to others.
- Humiliating acts of behavior.
- Untreated mental health problems.
- Exploitation of others.
Psychological abuse is often a precursor to physical abuse.
What is the definition of sexual assault?
Any touching of a sexual nature that is against the victim’s will.
Sexual assault can range from non-consensual touching to forceful sexual acts.
What are common reasons victims choose not to report sexual assault?
- Embarrassment.
- Fear of not being believed.
- Fear of retaliation.
These factors contribute to the underreporting of sexual assault cases.
Define:
Media Violence
Refers to depictions of physical aggression in television, movies, or video games.
Media violence is prevalent in various forms of entertainment and has been a subject of extensive research.
How does media violence influence behavior?
- Inspire imitation of violence.
- Reduce sympathy for targets of violence.
- Make people suspicious of others’ intentions.
These effects can lead to increased aggression in viewers.
What is the difference between correlation and causation?
- Correlation implies a relationship between two events.
- Causation indicates that one event directly causes another.
Understanding this distinction is crucial when analyzing the effects of media violence.
What defines mood disorders?
Periods of unusual and extreme emotions.
The main types of mood disorders discussed are:
- Major depression
- Persistent depressive disorder
- Bipolar disorder
What are some key symptoms of major depression?
- Persistent Sadness
- Loss of Interest
- Changes in Appetite or Weight
- Sleep Disturbances
- Fatigue
- Feelings of Worthlessness or Guilt
- Difficulty Concentrating
- Psychomotor Agitation or Retardation
- Thoughts of Death or Suicide
Major depressive episodes are often set off by traumatizing events.
What biological factors are thought to contribute to the risk of major depression?
- Low levels of serotonin.
- Low levels of norepinephrine.
- Differences in brain structure.
What are some psychological traits associated with depression?
- Low self-esteem.
- General negative emotionality.
- Tendency to blame self for bad things.
Which class of medication is prescribed for major depression?
Antidepressants
Antidepressants are specifically designed to treat major depressive disorders.
How does bipolar disorder affect mood?
Causes people to remain longer than usual at both ends of the mood spectrum.
What are some characteristics of mania?
- Feeling of being high
- Decreased need for sleep
- Inflated self-esteem
- Fast speech
- General agitation
What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
(BDD)
A condition where a person is extremely preoccupied with a:
- Perceived physical defect
- Flaw in their appearance
BDD can significantly interfere with daily life and is often associated with obsessive behaviors.
What are common behaviors associated with BDD?
- Spending excessive time in front of the mirror
- Obsessing over a ‘problem’ feature
- Compulsive grooming behaviors
How has the media influenced the prevalence of BDD?
Media images of ‘perfect’ bodies can pressure individuals, particularly girls and young women, to focus on their perceived flaws.
What are the two main types of eating disorders?
- Anorexia
- Bulimia
Both disorders involve extreme measures to reduce weight, even when a person may not be overweight.
How does age serve as a risk factor for eating disorders?
Adolescents are more likely to experience body image issues as they define their identity.
They are more susceptible to cultural and media influences without adult understanding.
Define:
Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by:
- Body dysmorphia.
- Fear of weight gain.
- Obsessive desire to avoid food.
- Obsessive desire to lose weight.
Body dysmorphia is a distorted self-body image, where individuals may see themselves as overweight even when underweight.
What is a key characteristic of anorexia?
Severe restriction of calorie intake, often consuming only 600-800 calories per day.
This is significantly lower than the recommended intake for healthy dieting.
What are some health consequences that can arise from anorexia?
- Loss of menstrual periods
- Kidney and heart malfunctions
- Dental problems
- Osteoporosis
- Risk of death
The severe calorie restriction can lead to life-threatening conditions.
What treatment approaches are typically used for individuals with anorexia?
- Restoring a healthy weight.
- Addressing psychological symptoms.
A multi-faceted approach is essential for effective treatment. This approach involves collaboration among various healthcare professionals and the patient’s family.
What role do nutritionists play in the treatment of anorexia nervosa?
Counsel individuals on the importance of nutrients and food as an energy source.
They ensure individuals understand how proper nutrition supports overall health.
Define:
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by:
- Misconceptions of body image.
- Obsession with losing weight.
Bulimia nervosa is often misunderstood and oversimplified.
What is the primary behavioral pattern associated with bulimia?
This involves a cycle of binging and purging, where individuals eat large amounts of food and then attempt to rid themselves of calories through:
- Vomiting
- Laxatives
- Excessive exercise
Bulimic individuals may maintain a normal body weight but suffer from medical consequences due to purging.
What are some potential health risks associated with purging methods?
- Malnourishment.
- Kidney damage from water pills.
- Erosion of teeth from vomiting.
- Bowel unresponsiveness from laxatives.
These health risks highlight the severe consequences of bulimia nervosa.
What role does stress play in bulimia?
Stress can lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms, including binge eating, which creates a cycle of stress and loss of control.
Individuals may use food as an escape from stress, leading to further issues.
What are the treatments associated with bulimia nervosa?
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
- Nutritional counseling
- Medication (e.g., antidepressants)
- Support groups
- Hospitalization (in severe cases)
The treatment approach often combines psychological support with medical intervention.
What are some common treatments for mild forms of bulimia?
- Education
- Simple stress management techniques
- Nutritional Counseling
- Medication
Early intervention can lead to better outcomes.
Define:
Binge-eating Disorder
A condition characterized by eating large amounts of food with a lack of control overeating.
It involves eating more than typical amounts, often leading to feelings of guilt and discomfort.
What criteria are used to diagnose binge-eating disorders?
- Recurrent eating in a short periods of time larger than most others.
- Lack of control overeating.
- Rapid eating, uncomfortable fullness, eating when not hungry.
- Distress overeating for at least three months.
These criteria help differentiate binge-eating disorder from other eating disorders.
What type of therapy is effective for treating binge-eating disorders?
Cognitive behavioral therapy
(CBT)
This therapy focuses on changing unhealthy thoughts and behaviors.
What recurring pattern can obesity establish for individuals?
A vicious cycle of weight loss and weight gain.
Each cycle can further lower self-esteem and complicate the management of weight.
Obesity leads to further psychological problems.
What is a common treatment approach for obesity-related psychological issues?
Therapy and support.
A nutritionist and medical intervention can also be beneficial.
Define:
Muscle Dysmorphia
An unhealthy, distressed preoccupation with the idea that one’s body is not lean and muscular.
Define:
Anxiety Disorder
A type of mental health condition characterized by excessive and persistent fear, worry, or nervousness that disrupts daily life.
Anxiety disorders can lead to intense fear reactions to specific situations or stimuli.
What defines high-functioning anxiety?
Experiencing signs of anxiety while maintaining a regular or high level of performance in daily life.
Individuals with high-functioning anxiety may appear successful but struggle internally.
What is the definition of healthy anxiety?
A natural and adaptive response to stressors that can motivate and enhance performance.
For example, feeling nervous before an exam can motivate a student to prepare.
How can life experiences shape anxiety?
Traumatic or highly stressful situations can lead to lingering feelings of anxiety.
The mind can retain stress responses even after the events have passed.
What is a traumatic brain injury (TBI), and how does it impact anxiety?
A serious head injury that disrupts normal brain functioning, potentially leading to anxiety development or worsening.
TBIs can alter how the brain processes emotions and stress.
What are stimulants, and in what ways can their abuse contribute to anxiety?
- Substances that boost energy and attention.
- Abuse can cause excessive brain activity, triggering anxiety symptoms.
This includes feelings of restlessness and panic.
What are several common symptoms of anxiety?
Emotional, physical, and behavioral symptoms, including:
- Overwhelming fear
- Unease
- Excessive worry
- Fatigue
- Difficulty Concentrating
- Irritability
- Muscle Tension
- Sleep Disturbances
- Panic Attacks
- Avoidance
These symptoms can make managing anxiety challenging.
What are some physical symptoms commonly associated with anxiety?
- Sweating
- Trembling
- Dizziness
- Restlessness
- Irritability
- Insomnia
These symptoms can vary in intensity and can significantly impact daily life.
Define:
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
(GAD)
A mental health disorder characterized by persistent and excessive worry about daily life aspects.
GAD can disrupt daily activities and overall well-being, often accompanied by physical symptoms like muscle tension.
Define:
Social Anxiety Disorders
A prevalent form of anxiety disorder involving strong anxiety in situations where one might be observed or evaluated.
This condition goes beyond typical shyness and can significantly affect daily life and relationships.
What characterizes panic disorders?
Marked by recurrent and unforeseen panic attacks involving rapid-onset fear or discomfort.
These attacks often include physical symptoms like chest pain and dizziness, leading to avoidance of locations linked to past attacks.
What is the definition of specific phobias?
Intense and irrational fears of specific:
- things
- situations
- activities
The anxiety experienced can lead to significant physical reactions, prompting individuals to avoid triggers.
Define:
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
(OCD)
A condition characterized by distressing thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive actions (compulsions).
These compulsions are intended to ease anxiety, but can disrupt daily life.
What are two recommended approaches for managing anxiety disorders?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Medications
Antidepressants are often preferred due to their effectiveness.
Define:
Psychotic Disorder
A mental condition that causes a person to have a break from reality.
Psychotic disorders include conditions like:
- Schizophrenia
- Delusional disorder
What characterizes a thought disorder?
Jumbled or disorganized thoughts that manifest in speech or writing patterns.
Diagnosis may occur when speech lacks coherence or meaning.
What is the primary function of psychiatric drugs?
To manage and alleviate the symptoms of mental health disorders.
These medications work by influencing the brain’s chemistry, specifically neurotransmitters that affect mood, behavior, and thought processes.
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals in the brain that allow brain cells, called neurons, to communicate with each other.
What type of disorder is characterized by both schizophrenia symptoms and a mood disorder?
Schizoaffective disorder
This includes symptoms of both schizophrenia and conditions like depression.
Identify some mental disorders that may include delusions.
- Brief Psychotic Disorder
- Dementia
- Parkinson’s Disease
- Schizophrenia
- Schizoaffective disorder
- Schizophreniform disorder
- Substance-induced psychotic disorder
- Paraphrenia
Understanding these related disorders is important for comprehensive diagnosis and treatment.
Define:
Group Therapy
A type of psychotherapy where people with similar problems meet to work on common issues.
The primary purpose of group therapy is to provide support and resources to individuals struggling with personal issues.
What are some of the main characteristics of group therapy?
- Involves families, couples, or strangers with a common goal.
- Held in a safe space.
- Group therapists may have diverse training.
- Encourages self-care activities.
- Promotes sharing personal experiences.
- Inclusive of children and adolescents.
- Begins with an intake session.
Group therapy sessions foster trust and understanding among participants.
Identify some benefits of group therapy.
- A sense of belonging.
- A feeling of safety.
- Connection with others.
- Empowerment.
- Better understanding of self.
- Tackling problems.
- Increased self-awareness.
Group therapy is effective for various psychological disorders.
What is the therapeutic goal of psychodynamic therapy?
- Achieve self-awareness.
- Understand how the past affects present behavior.
This may involve exploring unresolved conflicts from previous relationships.
What are the five most common goals in counseling?
- Facilitating changes in behavior.
- Improving relationship skills.
- Developing coping strategies.
- Strengthening decision-making abilities.
- Personal development.
Goals may be set after assessments or interviews.
What is a main focus of mental health counseling?
To help individuals understand and manage their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.
What defines group counseling?
A form of therapy involving two therapists and 8-15 individuals, focusing on shared problems.
Group counseling addresses issues like:
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Anger
- Grief
What characterizes guidance/psychoeducational groups?
- Focusing on educating individuals about their issues.
- Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques.
These groups are commonly found in schools.
What defines problem-solving groups?
Short-term therapy groups focusing on one central issue with specialized therapists.
Members help each other by sharing personal experiences related to the issue.
Fill in the blank:
The ________ effect occurs when patients experience improvement due to their beliefs in the treatment.
placebo
