1.A. Foundations of Health Education and School Health Programs

Question 1

What is the Stages of Change Model, also known as the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)?

Answer 1

A model developed to understand the processes a person goes through when making a behavior change.

Developed by psychologists Carlo C. DiClemenete and J.O. Prochaska in the late 1970s.

Question 2

What are the stages in the Change Model?

Answer 2

• Precontemplation
• Contemplation
• Preparation
• Action
• Maintenance

These stages represent the progression a person may experience when changing behavior.

Question 3

What happens in the Precontemplation Stage of change?

Answer 3

The individual has no intention to change behavior soon.

People may experience reluctance, rebellion, resignation, or rationalization (4 Rs).

Question 4

Define:

Contemplation Stage in behavior change.

Answer 4

The individual is considering change but hasn’t committed to it yet.

Question 5

In which stage does a person intend to make a behavior change within the next six months?

Answer 5

Contemplation Stage

The person is aware of the benefits of change but undecided about taking action.

Question 6

Describe the Preparation Stage in the change model, also known as the Determination Stage.

Answer 6

The individual intends to take action soon.

The person is ready to take steps towards change.

Question 7

What characterizes the Action Stage in behavior change?

Answer 7

The individual takes direct action to modify the problematic behavior and changes become visible.

The action stage generally lasts approximately three to six months.

Question 8

Explain:

Maintenance Stage of behavior change.

Answer 8

The individual works to sustain the new behavior for more than six months and prevent relapse.

This stage can last from six months to five years.

Question 9

Fill in the blank:

The Transtheoretical Model is also referred to as the __________.

Answer 9

Stages of Change Model

Question 10

Provide an example of behavior during the Precontemplation Stage.

Answer 10

An individual who smokes cigarettes regularly may not see smoking as a problem and may not be considering quitting.

They are not yet ready to think about change and may even resist suggestions from others to quit

Question 11

How long must a person participate in a new behavior to be in the Maintenance Stage?

Answer 11

More than 6 months.

Question 12

What are the Four R’s that explain reluctance to change in the Precontemplation Stage?

Answer 12

• Reluctance
• Rebellion
• Resignation
• Rationalization

Question 13

How can relapse be prevented according to the Transtheoretical Model?

Answer 13

Identifying triggers and developing strategies to maintain motivation and commitment.

Question 14

What behaviors can be addressed using the Transtheoretical Model?

Answer 14

• Smoking cessation
• Weight loss
• Alcoholism

The Transtheoretical Model can be applied to a wide range of behaviors, particularly those involving significant lifestyle changes.

Question 15

What is the purpose of the Transtheoretical Model?

Answer 15

To understand the stages of change that a person goes through when modifying certain behaviors.

Question 16

What emotions might a person experience during the Contemplation Stage?

Answer 16

Conflicted emotions about changing behavior.

This stage can last several months or years due to awareness of benefits and barriers.

Question 17

How long does the Action Stage generally last?

Answer 17

Approximately 3 to 6 months.

Question 18

What is termination in the context of the stages of change model?

Answer 18

Lack of desire to return to old behavior.

It may also refer to the end of a therapist-patient relationship.

Question 19

During which stage does a person actively seek help from a nutritionist to develop a meal plan?

Answer 19

Preparation (Determination) Stage

This is when the person acknowledges the need for change and prepares to act.

Question 20

What does a person realize during the Maintenance Stage after losing weight?

Answer 20

They have more energy and are happier.

This realization can motivate them to continue healthy behaviors.

Question 21

What is the Health Belief Model (HBM)?

Answer 21

A psychological theoretical behavior change framework used to interpret and express problem behaviors related to health.

Question 22

Who developed the Health Belief Model and when?

Answer 22

A group of social psychologists in the 1950s.

Question 23

What was the original purpose of the Health Belief Model?

Answer 23

To explain low participation in a free tuberculosis screening program.

Question 24

What are the two main components of health-related behavior in the HBM?

Answer 24

• The desire to get well if already ill or prevent illness entirely.
• The belief that health-related actions will prevent or cure the illness/disease.

Question 25

What are the **three categories** of individual health behavior patterns according to the HBM?

Answer 25

* Individual perceptions * Modifying factors * The likelihood of action

Question 26

List the **six constructs** of the Health Belief Model.

Answer 26

* Perceived susceptibility * Perceived severity * Perceived benefits * Perceived barriers * Cues to action * Self-efficacy ## Footnote These components help predict and explain health behaviors by focusing on an individual’s beliefs about health conditions and consequences.

Question 27

What role does **perceived susceptibility** play in the Health Belief Model?

Answer 27

It refers to an individual's **belief about the risk** of getting a disease or health condition, influencing motivation to avoid the risk. ## Footnote Higher perceived susceptibility often leads to greater health-promoting behaviors.

Question 28

How does **perceived severity** influence health behaviors?

Answer 28

Individuals who **perceive a health problem as serious** are more likely to participate in preventive behaviors.

Question 29

# Define: **Perceived benefits** in the context of the HBM.

Answer 29

**Beliefs about the positive outcomes** of behavior in response to a real or supposed threat.

Question 30

What are **perceived barriers** according to the HBM?

Answer 30

Individuals' feelings concerning the **obstacles** they perceive regarding participation in health actions.

Question 31

What are **cues to action**?

Answer 31

External or internal **triggers or prompts that motivate** individuals to take action towards a specific behavior change.

Question 32

What does **self-efficacy** mean in the context of health behavior?

Answer 32

It refers to an **individual's confidence in their ability** to take and sustain health-promoting actions. ## Footnote Higher self-efficacy is associated with better health outcomes and more sustained behavior change.

Question 33

# Fill in the blank: The **primary goal** of the **HBM** is to explain the impact of an individual's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and attitude toward a particular disease.

Answer 33

perception

Question 34

What is a **limitation** of the Health Belief Model?

Answer 34

The ways in which the variables in the HBM combine to produce behavior have **not been precisely specified**.

Question 35

How does the **Health Belief Model** work?

Answer 35

It utilizes the six constructs of the HBM framework to **understand the failure of people** to adopt disease prevention strategies.

Question 36

What is **Thorndike's Law of Effect**?

Answer 36

A principle stating that behaviors followed by **positive consequences** are likely to be **repeated**, while those followed by **negative consequences** are **less** likely to occur. ## Footnote This principle is foundational in understanding operant conditioning and instrumental learning.

Question 37

Who formulated the **Law of Effect**?

Answer 37

Edward Thorndike ## Footnote Thorndike is often regarded as the father of modern educational psychology.

Question 38

What **type of learning** does the Law of Effect exemplify?

Answer 38

Trial-and-error ## Footnote This was developed from Thorndike's observations of adaptive behaviors in animals.

Question 39

What are the *two parts* of the **Law of Effect**?

Answer 39

* Behavior followed by a pleasant consequence is likely to be repeated. * Behavior followed by a negative consequence is less likely to occur. ## Footnote These parts illustrate the concepts of **reinforcement and punishment**.

Question 40

What did Thorndike use to demonstrate his **Law of Effect**?

Answer 40

Cats in puzzle boxes. ## Footnote The experiment involved cats learning to escape from a box by performing specific behaviors.

Question 41

What does **stereotypical behavior** refer to in Thorndike's experiments?

Answer 41

The tendency of animals to perform the **same response** when faced with a **familiar situation**. ## Footnote In Thorndike's case, cats would repeat the same actions to escape the puzzle box.

Question 42

How did Thorndike's Law of Effect **influence** future psychologists?

Answer 42

It laid the groundwork for behaviorism and influenced theories like **B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning**.

Question 43

In what fields is the **Law of Effect** commonly applied?

Answer 43

* Psychology * Law enforcement * Education ## Footnote It is used to deter unwanted behaviors and encourage learning.

Question 44

How do teachers use the **Law of Effect** in the classroom?

Answer 44

By awarding *good grades* and *praise* for accurate work. ## Footnote This **reinforces** positive behavior and academic success.

Question 45

What is **operant conditioning**?

Answer 45

A learning process where behavior operates on the environment to produce consequences. ## Footnote Founded by **B.F. Skinner**, based on Thorndike's work.

Question 46

What **challenges** do medical providers face related to the Law of Effect?

Answer 46

Some treatments may cause **negative side effects**, complicating adherence. ## Footnote This affects patients' willingness to continue treatments.

Question 47

What do **mortality and morbidity reports** measure?

Answer 47

It provides statistics on morbidity and mortality rates in the United States.

Question 48

# Define: **Morbidity**

Answer 48

The measure of **sickness** in an area. ## Footnote It reflects the **prevalence** of health conditions within a population.

Question 49

What is **Mortality**?

Answer 49

The measure of **deaths** and is used in various contexts to describe the frequency or rate or death within a specific population or group. ## Footnote It is used to assess the health outcomes of a population.

Question 50

What are some diseases that **must be reported** at the district level?

Answer 50

* Anthrax * All cancer cases * All deaths ## Footnote Mandatory reporting helps track health trends and issues.

Question 51

What is the **Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System** (BRFSS)?

Answer 51

A telephone survey conducted in the U.S. to gather health-related information. ## Footnote It completes over 400,000 interviews every year across all 50 states.

Question 52

What **types of information** does the BRFSS collect?

Answer 52

* Health-related **risk behaviors** * **Chronic** health conditions * Use of **preventive** services ## Footnote This information is vital for public health initiatives.

Question 53

Name **two common sources** for mortality and morbidity data.

Answer 53

* Centers for Disease Control and Prevention **(CDC)** * World Health Organization **(WHO)** ## Footnote The CDC is the leading national public health institute in the United States.

Question 54

What can the information gathered through health data collection be used for?

Answer 54

To **identify trends** and develop health goals for the population. ## Footnote This enables focused health promotion activities and resource allocation.

Question 55

What is the **final step** of any experiment?

Answer 55

**Drawing logical conclusions** from the experimental data. ## Footnote This step involves interpreting data to inform future experiments and the scientific field.

Question 56

Why is interpreting conclusions a **subjective** process?

Answer 56

It depends on factors like background, education, and motives. ## Footnote Different scientists may reach different conclusions from the same data.

Question 57

What is a good question to ask when **evaluating the objectivity** of your conclusions?

Answer 57

'Would others agree with your conclusions if they went through the same process?' ## Footnote This helps assess potential biases in the conclusion-drawing process.

Question 58

Why can **disagreements** among scientists be **beneficial**?

Answer 58

They can enhance scientific progress by encouraging additional research and improving data collection methods. ## Footnote Disagreements push for more information and can enhance scientific knowledge.

Question 59

What are the **forms** in which **healthcare data** can be found?

Answer 59

* Statistics * Large aggregate data * Numbers * Categories ## Footnote These forms allow for comprehensive analysis and interpretation of health-related information.

Question 60

What are **trustworthy** data resources?

Answer 60

* Government websites * Nationally recognized websites * Educational institutions * Reviewed journals ## Footnote These sources ensure the **validity** and **ethical standards** of the data collected.

Question 61

What characterizes **ethical data** gathering?

Answer 61

* Protection of **individuals' privacy** * Keeping identities **anonymous** ## Footnote Ethical standards guide how data is collected, particularly regarding **sensitive health information**.

Question 62

What is the purpose of the **Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)** website?

Answer 62

Provides access to: * Immunization status * Availability of immunizations * Receptiveness of the American population to immunizations ## Footnote This information can be crucial for public health research and policy-making.

Question 63

What does the **WSCC model** stand for?

Answer 63

Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child ## Footnote The WSCC model is a comprehensive framework for addressing health and fitness in children.

Question 64

What type of services does the **WSCC** model include for students?

Answer 64

* Counsling * Psychological * Social services ## Footnote These services are critical for addressing the emotional well-being of students.

Question 65

List the **ten components** of the WSCC model.

Answer 65

* Physical education and activity * Nutrition environment and services * Family engagement * Community involvement * Counseling, psychological and social services * Health education * Employee wellness * Physical environment * Social and emotional climate * Health services

Question 66

What is a **multifaceted approach** in health education advocacy?

Answer 66

A strategy to increase involvement and participation among students to maximize impact. ## Footnote This approach encompasses various methods and stakeholders, including **students, teachers, and community members**.

Question 67

How can teachers **connect** health education to other curriculum subjects?

Answer 67

By emphasizing the relationship of their content to health. ## Footnote Examples include social studies, math, language arts, and science.

Question 68

What **extracurricular activities** can promote health education?

Answer 68

* sports * marching band * dance activities * community service activities ## Footnote Even non-fitness related activities can integrate health advocacy.

Question 69

What are some **student-led health education advocacy programs**?

Answer 69

* Students Against Drunk Drivers (SADD) * AlaTeen ## Footnote These programs address issues like alcoholism and peer pressure.

Question 70

What is an example of **needs-based health education advocacy**?

Answer 70

The water pollution crisis in Flint, Michigan. ## Footnote This situation highlights the need for clean drinking water and its health implications.

Question 71

What **mental health issues** may arise from community crises?

Answer 71

* Anxiety and Panic Disorders * Depression * Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) * Substatnce Abuse * as well as the need for mental health interventions ## Footnote Events like **school shootings and natural disasters** can exacerbate mental health concerns.

Question 72

What **purpose** do educational materials play in health programs?

Answer 72

Essential in **improving health literacy**, **promoting healthy behaviors**, and ultimately **enhancing public health outcomes**.

Question 73

What might be **more effective** when preparing educational materials for children?

Answer 73

Some examples may include using simple and clear language, incorporating visuals, including interactive elements, and providing positive reinforcement. ## Footnote Engaging visuals and interactive content can enhance learning for children.

Question 74

What is the **first step** in creating a school health education program?

Answer 74

Forming a **curriculum committee**. ## Footnote This involves making a plan, investigating relevant laws, and communicating with stakeholders.

Question 75

What types of **input** should be assessed when developing a school health education program?

Answer 75

Input from community members, family members, and students. ## Footnote This includes understanding differing perspectives on health concerns.

Question 76

What are some **health concerns** that may be identified through **community assessment**?

Answer 76

* Childhood obesity * Drug abuse * Unsafe sex * Prescription drug misuse ## Footnote These concerns highlight the priorities for the health education program.

Question 77

What is a **key component** of developing a **vision** for a health education program?

Answer 77

Creating a **mission** statement. ## Footnote The mission statement should reflect community beliefs and not contradict the school's overall vision.

Question 78

What resources must be reviewed by the **curriculum committee**?

Answer 78

* Financial resources * Time * Personnel * Textbooks and supplies ## Footnote Assessing these resources is crucial for effective program implementation.

Question 79

What should a school do if it **lacks sufficient financial resources** for its health education program?

Answer 79

Seek funding and focus on limited resources. ## Footnote This involves **prioritizing essential areas** of the program.