5. Health Education and Pedagogy Flashcards
This deck covers assessing learning needs, creating instructional plans, aligning curriculum with standards, and using effective teaching methods, along with strategies for implementation, reflection, assessment, and classroom management.
What are some of the specific purposes and benefits of learning objectives in an educational setting?
- Provide students with clear direction and focus
- Measurable outcomes
- Guidance for Instruction
- Student motivation and Engagement
- Alignment with Standards
- Promote accountability
Learning objectives help justify every activity and keep educators accountable.
What are some differences between general and measurable learning objectives?
- General objectives are broad, qualitative in nature, and provide vague terms.
- Measurable objectives are specific and assessable, quantitative in nature, and provide clear criteria.
- Example of general: Students will learn about American history in the 1960s.
- Example of measurable: Students will learn about four historical events in American history from the 1960s.’
Fill in the blank:
A measurable learning objective should be ________.
tangible
This means it should be assessable through specific criteria.
Why is it important to explain the relevance of a lesson to students?
- Maintain their interest
- Ensure they take the lesson seriously
- Build connections to future goals
- Fosters autonomy and responsibility
- Improves classroom dynamics
Students may lose motivation if they do not understand the usefulness of the content.
What should educators do if an activity does not align with the learning objective?
Adjust the activity accordingly.
Educators should always compare activities with the learning objectives.
What are the components of a SMART learning objective?
- Specific
- Measurable
- Achievable
- Relevant
- Time-based
Each component plays a crucial role in developing effective learning objectives.
What is the first step in developing a measurable learning objective?
Start with what you want to accomplish.
Followed by determining how to accomplish it and how to measure it.
What defines a curriculum?
A collection of academic content taught in school; the knowledge and experiences a student gains.
Curricula can include various subjects and activities tailored to student learning.
What defines a standard in education?
A goal for students to achieve based on the knowledge and skills expected at a given grade level.
Standards help guide the curriculum and assessments.
What is a standards-based curriculum?
A curriculum that combines predetermined standards of knowledge and experiences with assessments to ensure students meet those standards.
Standards may be developed at the national or state level.
Define:
Curriculum Maps
Indexes or diagrams showing what is taught and at what level in a student’s education, identifying gaps and redundancies.
They serve as planning tools for teachers.
Define:
Scope and sequence in curriculum planning.
- Scope refers to the material covered.
- Sequence refers to the order in which it is taught.
These concepts help organize lesson plans effectively.
What is the purpose of pacing guides in education?
To help teachers pace educational material to ensure it is taught at an appropriate speed while meeting standards.
They assist in maintaining a consistent flow of instruction.
What is the role of standardized tests in standards-based instruction?
To measure how well each student is performing in relation to the standards for their grade level.
These tests are often aligned with the expected knowledge and skills.
Define:
Interim Assessments
Tests given periodically throughout the school year to assess gaps in student knowledge.
They help educators identify areas needing improvement.
What are end-of-year assessments?
Tests that determine if a student has met the learning objectives for the year.
These assessments provide a summary of student learning outcomes.
What are some of the primary advantages of standards-based education?
- Provides clear direction for teachers
- Empowers educators to prepare students
- Allows tracking of student progress
- Fosters a positive culture of learning
These advantages contribute to a collaborative educational environment.
What should teachers do to implement state standards effectively?
Research their state’s educational standards.
This can be done by searching for the state’s name plus ‘education standards’ online.
What are learning objectives within the educational setting?
Statements that define:
- What students will do
- What skill they’re using
- How they’ll demonstrate their understanding
Example of a learning objective: By the end of the unit, students will be able to identify and describe the benefits of at least three different types of physical activities, demonstrating this knowledge through a written report or presentation that meets specified criteria for accuracy and detail.
What is the difference between learning objectives and student goals?
- Learning objectives are for short-term goals.
- Student goals are long-term objectives that indicate mastery of skills.
Student goals are essentially the educational standards simplified.
How should teachers approach lesson planning in relation to standards?
Work backwards from the standards to ensure students meet the required knowledge by the end of the semester/year.
This is similar to how builders use blueprints.
Define:
Direct Instruction
- When a teacher gives information or step-by-step instructions directly to the students.
- Direct instruction involves clear guidance and examples.
Example: To teach students about the importance of handwashing, the teacher demonstrates proper handwashing techniques and then guides students through practicing it themselves.
What role does the teacher play in direct instruction?
- Director
- Controller
- Expert
The teacher organizes the learning process and provides guidance.
What are some of the benefits of direct instruction?
- Develop deductive reasoning.
- Provides clear guidance.
- Promotes consistency.
- Facilitation of measurable outcomes.
- Keeps students engaged.
Direct instruction ensures that students understand the principles before applying them.
What is discovery instruction?
- When students discover information or a process for themselves through experimentation with little to no help from the teacher.
- Discovery instruction often involves real-world applications and personal investigation.
Example: Students mixing primary colors to find out how to create secondary colors.
What are the benefits of discovery instruction?
- Encourages retention of concepts.
- Develops problem-solving skills.
Students are more likely to remember what they discover themselves.
What is cooperative learning?
Cooperative learning takes place in groups of learners with mixed ability levels, where the group’s success is rewarded instead of individual successes.
Introduced into American classrooms by John Dewey in the early twentieth century.
What are the benefits of cooperative learning?
Benefits include:
- Increased retention of new learning
- Improved critical thinking skills
- Greater enjoyment of the learning process
- Preparation for successful teamwork later in life
These benefits can enhance both academic and social skills.
What are the key elements of cooperative learning?
The five key elements are:
- Face-to-Face Interaction
- Positive Interdependence
- Individual Accountability
- Group Processing
- Collaborative Skills
These elements differentiate cooperative learning from ordinary group work.
What are some collaborative skills developed in cooperative learning?
Skills include:
- Communication
- Conflict management
- Leadership
- Decision-making.
Teachers should provide instruction and support for these skills.
What are the three common types of cooperative learning groups?
The types are:
- Informal cooperative learning groups
- Formal cooperative learning groups
- Cooperative base groups
The choice depends on the purpose and context of the learning.
What characterizes informal cooperative learning groups?
Informal cooperative learning groups can be arranged on the spot to break up direct teaching or lecturing, often lasting only a portion of a lesson.
They help students retain new information.
What defines formal cooperative learning groups?
These groups work together for one class period or longer, often in projects lasting one or more weeks.
They enable content learning and collaborative skill building.
What are some common methods of cooperative learning?
Common methods include:
- Think-pair-share
- Reciprocal questioning
- Jigsaw
- Scripted cooperation
- Group investigation
Describe the think-pair-share method.
A discussion technique structured to respond a question in three steps:
- Think
- Pair
- Share ideas
It is quick to implement and relevant across subjects.
What is reciprocal questioning within the education setting?
Learners create questions in teams for others to answer, alternating with teacher-provided stem questions.
It is effective after reading or educational presentations.
How does the jigsaw method work to support student learning?
Learners take turns teaching their portion of new material after working in initial groups focused on different components.
Each new group has one expert from each initial group.
What is the definition of brainstorming?
An effort by an individual or group to:
- Develop solutions to a problem
- Create new ideas
The term ‘thinking up’ was coined by Alex Osborn in 1948.
What is mind mapping?
A visual representation of the brainstorming process utilizing a diagram.
Ideas branch off from the core subject or problem.
Define:
Brainwriting
A technique where participants:
- Write down their ideas
- Share them anonymously
This method eliminates potential bias and encourages participation from all members.
Define:
Rapid Ideation
A time-limited technique emphasizing quantity over quality in idea formation.
It discourages participants from overthinking their ideas.
What is round-robin brainstorming?
A structured technique where participants have equal time to share ideas individually.
Ideas can build on one another during this process.
What are the benefits of brainstorming?
- Sparks diverse ideas
- Promotes teamwork
- Encourages creative thinking
- Establishes an equal playing field
Non-judgmental environments facilitate exploration of various thoughts.
What is the definition of role playing?
A practice where individuals rehearse a behavior they will take in a situation before actually facing it.
Role playing can involve various scenarios, such as:
- Personal
- Professional
- Educational situations
Identify three benefits of role playing.
- Develops emotional connections
- Provides a safe place to practice and learn
- Helps learners develop empathy
These benefits enhance the learning experience across various contexts.
How does role playing help learners develop emotional connections?
Students gain deeper involvement and knowledge about issues by assuming roles of characters or individuals.
For example, literature students can relate to characters better through role playing.
What is a key advantage of practicing role playing in a safe environment?
It allows students to experience scenarios without real-world consequences, reducing anxiety.
This enables learners to build confidence before facing actual situations.
What is the purpose of planning and designing instruction?
To ensure effective student learning through structured lessons and activities.
Instruction must align with:
- School or district standards
- Individual student needs
What defines instructional outcomes?
Goals that define what students are expected to learn.
These outcomes are determined by school or district standards.
What are key aspects of designing quality instruction?
- Activities that engage students in learning
- Appropriate materials and resources
- Student groupings for similar needs
- Sequenced lessons and units
These aspects help tailor instruction to meet diverse student needs.
What is the definition of an instructional map?
A plan that sequences content and activities to ensure no instructional goals are overlooked.
It includes:
- Activities
- Resources
- Learning plans
- Assessment methods
Why is sequenced instruction important in education?
It provides necessary background knowledge, allowing students to fully understand new concepts.
Without it, students may lack context for the material.
What are differentiation techniques in instructional design?
Methods to ensure all students understand key concepts, regardless of their learning level.
This may include:
- Using materials at different reading levels
- Modifying assignments
What are the four aspects of the classroom that teachers can focus on to differentiate instruction?
- Content
- Process
- Product
- Learning Environment
Each aspect addresses different ways to cater to diverse learning needs.
What does ‘content’ refer to in differentiated instruction?
The information given to students or the material they are supposed to learn.
Content can be presented in various ways to appeal to different students.
How can teachers differentiate ‘process’ in the classroom?
By assigning multiple projects that cater to different skill levels and learning styles.
This can include creating stations with varied activities.
What is meant by ‘product’ in differentiated instruction?
How students demonstrate what and how much they’ve learned.
Products can include:
- Tests
- Group work
- Presentations
What is the significance of the ‘learning environment’ in differentiated instruction?
It affects how the classroom works and feels, influencing student motivation and respect.
A supportive environment helps all students feel confident and capable.
What types of instructional methods should be included in a lesson plan?
- Small group
- Whole group
- Partners
- Individual practice
A variety of methods helps cater to different learning styles and needs.
Define:
Expository Instruction
The use of an expert to explain a concept or give information to the student, involving one-way communication from the teacher to the student.
Examples include:
- Lectures
- Presentations
- Textbooks
- Videos
What type of communication does interactive instruction involve?
Two-way communication between the teacher and student or between students.
Examples include:
- Group discussions
- Question-and-answer sessions
- Debates
- Tutoring
Define:
Hands-on Instruction
The use of physical assignments or activities that engage students in learning.
Examples include:
- Practicing a physical skill
- Filling out worksheets
- Crafting items like maps
What defines collaborative instruction?
When two or more teachers work together to plan, teach, and monitor a class.
Common examples include:
- Multiple coaches for a sports team
- Collaboration between special education
- General education teachers
What are some instructional strategies that involve social interaction to enhance learning?
- Interactive Instruction
- Cooperative learning
- Peer teaching
- Discussion-Based learning
- Role-playing
- Think-pair-share
What is a common scenario for collaborative instruction?
A general education teacher and a special education teacher working together.
Define:
Assessment in the educational context.
A systematic collection of information used to measure how much learning has taken place.
Assessments help educators make informed decisions about reteaching and planning lessons.
Identify some ways assessments can support student learning.
- Motivate students to absorb knowledge.
- Provide feedback to students.
- Support guided instruction.
- Encourages student self-reflection.
- Supports differentiation.
- Enables students to track progress over time.
Assessments also serve as a review of state standards and proof of learning.
What is the difference between formal and informal assessments?
- Formal assessments occur at the end of a learning cycle.
- Informal assessments occur during the unit.
- Formal assessments are data-driven and can predict outcomes.
- Informal assessments provide rapid feedback.
What is a formative assessment?
An informal assessment used for learning, given daily by teachers.
It helps shape teaching and provides feedback while students are learning.
What are some examples of formative assessments?
- Pre-test
- Ticket out the door
- Observations
These assessments are typically informal.
What is a summative assessment?
A formal assessment given at the end of a unit to show cumulative learning.
It is used to track students’ progress.
What are some examples of summative assessments?
- Pencil and paper tests
- Multiple choice tests
- Essays
- Portfolios
- Multimedia presentations
What types of assessments fall under pencil and paper assessments?
- Multiple choice
- Fill-in-the-blank
- Equations
- True or false
- Short essay
These are typically formal assessments.
Define:
Performance Assessment
A task-oriented assessment where students show their learning creatively.
It can be either formal or informal.
What is a norm-referenced assessment?
An assessment that compares a student to peers of the same age.
Results are often given in percentile and on a bell curve.
What is the definition of a criterion-referenced assessment?
An assessment measuring a student’s mastery of skills and knowledge without comparison to others.
Examples include:
- End-of-unit tests
- Driving tests
What characterizes a standardized assessment?
A standardized assessment is characterized by the following:
- Standarized content
- Validity
- Norm-referenced
- Data-driven
- Questions
- Format
- Instructions
- Objective scoring
Used to measure skills and abilities at a specific time.
What is the definition of an alternative assessment?
A test that allows students to demonstrate knowledge in a non-traditional way.
It encourages creative or outside-the-box thinking.
What is a Student Needs Assessment?
(SNA)
A diagnostic tool intended to identify developmental needs of a student in a school environment.
What are the two primary types of Student Needs Assessments?
(SNA)
- Formative Needs Assessments
- Summative Needs Assessments
- Formative Needs Assessments gather information about students’ current knowledge, skills, and needs during the instructional process.
- Summative Needs Assessments evaluation students’ overall learning and needs at the end of an instructional period.
What should a teacher do for a student who qualifies for special education accommodations?
Check with administration and support staff for detailed information and recommendations.
Accommodations may include:
- Additional time
- Preferential seating
- Alternative assessment formats
What are the 3 C’s of Classroom Management?
- Consistency
- Clarity
- Care
What is the authoritarian teaching style?
- Total control by the teacher with little to no flexibility.
- The focus is on student compliance developing a distant relationship.
Students may refrain from becoming actively involved.
What is the authoritative teaching style?
- Teacher control with student involvement.
- Provides a balanced approach with a supportive relationship.
Enables students to feel secure and confident to take risks.
What is the permissive teaching style?
- Lack of control by the teacher.
- Students do what they want.
Students do not feel secure due to lack of structure.
What is the indulgent teaching style?
High participation, but little control by the teacher.
Behaviors may get out of hand, compromising security.
What are the seven elements of classroom management strategies?
- Organization of classroom and materials
- Creating a positive learning environment
- Establishing rules and procedures
- Enforcing rules and procedures consistently
- Building excitement for lessons
- Maintaining student engagement
- Remaining positive and enthusiastic
These elements help enhance student learning and behavior.
How does consistency play a crucial role in effectively enforcing rules and procedures?
- Creates predictability.
- Builds trust and respect.
- Reinforces expectations.
- Enhances classroom management.
- Promotes positive behavior.
Students can focus more on learning when they know the consequences.
How can teachers generate enthusiasm for lesson content?
- Access students’ prior knowledge.
- Use enthusiasm.
- Incorporate interactive activities.
- Set clear goals.
- Encourage collaboration.
- Celebrate progress.
Relating new content to known concepts builds curiosity.
What are some key elements for maintaining student engagement in learning?
Several key elements include:
- Providing relevance to students’ interests.
- Incorporating interactive activities.
- Using diverse instructional strategies.
- Setting clear objectives and expectations.
- Building positive relationships.
Varying lesson presentation helps all students access the material.
What are some ways teachers should approach their attitude to ensure effective classroom management?
To ensure effective classroom management teachers should be:
- Positive
- Enthusiastic
- Consistent
- Calm
- Flexible
This helps maintain relationships with students, even during difficulties.
