3/16 UWORLD test # 45 Flashcards
(35 cards)
Q 1. What is selection bias. Example?
- selection of experimental group that does not represent GENERAL POPULATION
- ex: selection of samples from hospitalized patients- Berkson bias
Q 2. kid, non-billous vomiting, prominent peristalsis on epigastric area, oval mass on epigastric area. what is going on? derived from what cell type?
pyloric stenosis
smooth muscle cell hypertrophy
Q 6. Failure to ceftriaxon therapy for Nisseria/Chlamydia co-infection. What treatment next?
Different type of macrolide (azithromycin, erythromycin) and doxycycline
Q 7. Of all hallucinogens, which one only presents nystagmus & psychomotor agitation (loss of coordnation, jerky movements..)
phencyclidine
Q 7. MOA of phencyclidine?
NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Asparate) receptor antagonist
Q 8. Phenelzine
- MOA
- side effect (2)
- MOA-A &B inhibitor
1. hypertensitve crisis (especially with ingestion of tyramine, catchecolamine releasing factor)
2. mood reactivity: feeling much better (than usual) in response to positive events
Q 9. most commonly fractured carpal bone? physical examp finding? what is complication for this bone fracture? why?
- scaphoid
- tenderness with palpation on snuff box
- avascular necrosis: dosral scaphoid branch of radial artery enter near scaphoid pole and supply blood in retrograde fashion. With scaphoid fracture, this artery supply will not be impaired
Q 10. Apart from influenza B virus, what another virus can cause genetic variation by reassortment? why?
rotavirus
10-12 gemoe segments
Q 12. what is unique about smooth ER in terms of biosynthesis? what 2 cells are smooth ER rich?
Smooth ER contains enzymes for steroid and phospholipid biosynthesis
- hepatocytes & adrenal cortex (corticosteroid)
Q 13. patient serum mixed with mixture of cardiolipin shows flocculation. what test is this? what does this suggest? two possible scenario?
presence of cardiolipin antibody
(flocculation means aggultination)
=> VDRL/RPR test
- syphilus infection
- anti-phoshpolipid syndrome
Q 13. Is VDRL/RPR test specific for syphilis infection? why or why not?
no.
It just measures existence of human antibody that acts against cytoplasmic contents (cardiolipin) released by lysis of syphilis. Doesn’t tell whether syphilis is alive or infectious
Q 13. Another test for syphilis infection that is more specific than VDRL/RPR test? what is this test looking for?
FAS-FTA
detects spirochetal antibodies that directly target syphillis
Q 14. Neurokinin1 (NK1) receptor is involved in what physiological process? mechanism?
induce vomiting
- release of substance P
Q 14. Targets for
- ondansetron
- metoclopramide
ondansetron: 5HT3 receptor antagonist
metoclopramide: dopamin receptor antagonist
Q 15. What is stillbirth?
the birth of infant that has died before delivery
Q 15. stillbirth, pleural effusion, pulmonary hypoplasia, ascites: description of what?
fetal hydrops
profound anemia -> congestive HF
-> pleural effusion/ ascities/ pulmonary hypoplasia
Q 15. What infection is associated with fetal hydrops?
bacteria? virus? enveloped? DNA? RNA?
Parvovirus
ssDNA (smallest DNA), not enveloped
*sketchy: one single lane on floor, small town (small DNA). kid playing with david statue (not enveloped)
Q 17. Is femoral vein medial or lateral to femoral artery?
medial
- in terms of femoral stuff (catheter insertion to femoral vein, femoral hernia) everything is MEDIAL
- femoral vein MEDIAL to femoral artery
- femroal hernia MEDIAL to femoral a/v
Q 18. wheezing, prolonged expiration, eosinophilia: what is going on?
allergic asthma
Q 19. Grave’s disease patient receiving anti-thyroid medications come clinic with fever and sore throat. What is going on? next step?
- thionamide (PTU, methimazole) induced agranulocytosis -> infection
- CBC for WBC count
Q 20. Associated gene?
- development of late colon adenoma from early colon adenoma
- development of colon carcinoma from late early colon adenoma
- KRAS: still adenoma, but LATE ADENOMA
(cox-2 overexpression is also involved here) - P53 : CARCINOMA
Q 21. Wheezing and poor air movement in lung. Liver biopsy with periodic Acid Schiff stain shows pink granules. Diagnosis?
alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency
pathoma p.90
- remember alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency affects BOTH liver and lung
what does codominant trait mean? example of disease that shows codominant trait?
either single or two alleles can cause defect
alpha1- antitrypsin deficiency
Z- increased susceptibility to develop emphysema after smoking
ZZ- panlobular emphysema
Q 22. thiazide vs. loop diuretics: which one shows stronger symptom relief affect in acute HF? why?
loop diuretics shows better symptomatic relief
thiazide absorbs only small amount of sodium (DCT is more distal than loop). Thiazide is not as effective as loop diuretics
