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1
Q

Mental imagery

A

Visualization on information including other senses and things you haven’t experienced

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2
Q

Imageless thought debate

A

Does thought exist independent of imagery

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3
Q

Conceptual peg hypothesis

A

Pavio
Boat hat vs truth justice
Imagery creates ability to hang on info

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4
Q

Mental scanning

A

Create mental images then scan in mind
Treat images like we treat physical things
Kosslyn

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5
Q

Spatial representation

A

Accompanies real mechanism

Epiphenomenon

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6
Q

Propositional representation

A

Abstract symbols can represent relationships
Equations
Statement

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7
Q

Depective representation

A

Realistic pictures

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8
Q

Tacit knowledge

A

Individuals use real world knowledge to unconsciously affect behavior

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9
Q

Size in visual field if spatial, representation should be very similar to how we look

A

Real things

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10
Q

Mental walk task

A

Asked to imagine walking and see how far away until animal overflows visual field

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11
Q

Imagery neurons

A

Respond to specific items when seeing and imagining

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12
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

Decreases brain activity in a specific located area

Behavior disrupted

Kosslyn
Tms visual cortex
Slowed perception and visualation

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13
Q

Removing part of visual cortex decreases

A

Image size

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14
Q

Unilateral neglect

A

Patient ignores objects in 1/2 of visual field

Damage to parietal lobes

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15
Q

Imagery and perception are separate but may have same mechanisms

A

Perception: automatic, bottom up
Imagery: effortful, top down

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16
Q

Method of loci

A

Things placed in spatial layout to help remember

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17
Q

Pegword technique

A

Associating items with words

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18
Q

Mental stimulation

A

Operation mentally represented/imagines

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19
Q

Rule based approach

A

Applies rule

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20
Q

Language

A

System of communicating using sounds or symbols

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21
Q

All humans have language

A

Developmental trajectory similar for all cultures

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22
Q

Skinner

A

Language learned through reinforcements

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23
Q

Chomsky

A

Language is innate, children produce sentences they have never heard before

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24
Q

Psycholinguistics

A

Psychological study of how humans acquire and process language

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25
Lexicon
All words a person knows
26
Phoneme
Shortest segments of speech that if changed changes meaning of word
27
Morpheme
Smallest part of speech that has meaning Truck vs bedroom S Ed
28
Phonemic restoration effect
Perceptual system fills in for missing phonemes based on context Top down
29
Speech segmentation
Using individual words
30
Statistical learning
Higher likelihood that certain phoneme follows others to make valid word
31
Word superiority effect
Letters are recognized faster when in a word than when alone
32
Word frequency effect
More common words recognized and understood faster
33
Lexical ambiguity
Words can have multiple meanings usually resolved through context, some evidence shows multiple meanings active until resolved through context Meaning dominances : biased vs balanced
34
Understanding sentences
Words not often alone Combinations to provide more complex communication Semantics: meaning Syntax: rules
35
Brock's aphasia
Can't produce | Slow labored speech
36
Wrinkles aphasia
Fluid but makes no sense
37
Parsing
Grouping of words into phrases
38
Temporary ambiguity
Initial words of sentence can lead to more than one meaning
39
Garden path sentence
Misleading | Keep active a meaning that turns out to be wrong
40
Syntax first approach
Use structure of sentence to guide parsing Semantics second
41
Late closure
New words are added to current phrase as long as possible
42
Intersectionalist approach
Concurrent influence of semantics and syntax
43
Derive semantic meaning from
Environment
44
Inferencing
Determining what the text means by using our knowledge to go beyond the information provided by the text
45
Coherence
Presentation of text in a persons mind so that the info in one part of text is related to info in another part
46
Anaphoric inference
Connecting object or person in one sentence to another
47
Instrument inferences
Inferences about tools or methods
48
Casual inferences
Causation and change
49
Situation model
Mental representation of what a text is about, imagining what we read
50
Point of language
To communicate
51
Given new contract
Communication most effective when it can be connected to existing knowledge
52
Syntactic communication
Mirror person you are communicating with
53
Syntax priming
Mirroring sentence structure
54
Sapir word hypothesis
Structure of language influences thought
55
Analogy
Use previous similar instances to guide problem solving
56
Analogical problem solving
Transfer info from source problem to target problem
57
Using analogies
Noticing mapping applying Need high match of structural scale Surface features superficially different
58
Structural features
Underlying principle that governs a solution
59
Analogical encoding
Comparing examples to emphasize structural similarities
60
Analogical paradox
In lab people fixate on surface features In real life focus on deep features
61
Experts
Well developed knowledge bases Organize different Look before they leap Field specific
62
Creativity
Divergent thinking: open ended Convergent thinking: solution oriented Design fixation Latent inhibition: familiar stimulus takes longer to be conditioned than new stimulus
63
Creative cognition
Reinventive forms
64
Reasoning
Drawing conclusions using available information Rarely know all parameters
65
Deductive
Deducing info based on a set of statements (syllogisms)
66
Inductive reasoning
Induce conclusions based on probabable outcomes
67
Premises
Two statements in s deductive argument
68
Conclusion
3rd statement reflecting premises
69
Categorical sllyogusms
Induce all or none
70
Validity
Conclusion follow logically from premises
71
Truth
Context of premises based on factors
72
Belief bias
The tendency to think that syllogisms are valid if the conclusions are believable
73
Mental model approach
A representation in mind to help determine validity Create model of situation Generate tentative conclusions Look for exceptions Determine validity
74
Conditional syllogisms
If p-antecedent | The q- consequent
75
Logical
Affirming antecedent | Denying concequent
76
Iilogical
Affirming consequent | Denying antecedent
77
Pragmatic reasoning schemes
Consistent with real life
78
Social exchange
Built in cheater detectors
79
Inductive ...
Outcomes inferred from premises Does not consider validity Considers strength Someways Representiveness Number of observations Quality of evidence
80
Using inductive reasoning
Scientific claims Hypothesis test Make everyday predictions based on past Heuristic as shortcut
81
Availability heuristic
More easily remembered events judged to be more probable
82
Illusory correlations
Think correlation but in reality not | Stereo types
83
Representiveness heuristic
How much a resembles b | Neglect base rate
84
Confirmation bias
We prefer info that is consistent with our world view | Disregard contracting info
85
Halo effect
Unrelated attributes affect decisions
86
Expected utlility theory
People are rational and make decisions based on how likely they are to help reach goal People don't think like thinks
87
Expected emotions
Emotions people predict they will feel | Overestimated
88
Integral immediate emotion
Associated with decision making
89
Incidental immediate emotions
Unrelated to decisions
90
Framing effects
How a problem is presented can change our tolerance for risk Gains: risk aversion Loss: risk taking
91
Prefrontal cortex
Planning Reasoning Preservation
92
Anterior insula
Activated under emotion contexts | Unfair offers in ultimatum game

Psyyy (10 decks)

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