Midterm Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Developmentalists
A
Researchers and practitioners whose professional interests lie in the study of the human lifespan
2
Q
Lifespan development
A
The scientific field covering all of the human life span
3
Q
Lifespan development is multidisciplinary
A
Draws on field including neurosciences social policy nursing psychology
4
Q
Child development
A
The scientific study of development of brain to adolescence
5
Q
Gerontology
A
The scientific study of the aging process
6
Q
Adult development
A
The scientific study of the adult part of life
7
Q
Normative transitions
A
Predictable life stages that occur during development
8
Q
Non Normative transition
A
Unpredictable or atypical life changes that occur during development
9
Q
Cohort
A
The age group that you travel through life with
10
Q
Baby boom cohort
A
The huge age group born between 1946 -1964
11
Q
Contexts of development
A
Fundemental markers including cohort sex culture that shape how we develop
12
Q
Socioeconomic status
A
A basic marker referring to status on educational and income rungs
13
Q
Developing world
A
The more impoverished counties
14
Q
Collectivist cultures
A
Societies that that prize social Harmony obindeince close family
15
Q
Individualist cultures
A
Societies that prize independence
Competition
Personal success
16
Q
Emerging adulthood
A
The phase of life that begins after high school,tapers off towards late twenties
17
Q
Average life expectancy
A
A persons 50/50 chance at birth of living to a certain age
18
Q
20th century life expectation revolution
A
Dramatic increase in life expectancy that occurred first half of twetntyth century
19
Q
Maximum lifespan
A
The biological limit of human life
105
20
Q
Young old
A
60/70
21
Q
Old old
A
Over 80
22
Q
Great Recession
A
Dramatic loss of jobs that began with bursting of us housing bubble in late 2007
23
Q
Income inequality
A
The gap between the rich and poor within a nation
Specifically when income inequality is wide a nation has few affluent and many disadvantaged citizens
24
Q
Developed world
A
The more affluent countries of the world
25
Theory
Any perspective explaining why people act the way they do
| Theories allow us to predict behavior and suggest how to intervene and improve behavior
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Traditional behaviorism
The original behavioral world view that focused on charting and modyfying only objective visible behaviors
27
Operant conditioning
According to the traditional behavioral perspective, the law of learning that determined voluntary response
Specifically we act the way we do because we Are reinforced for acting that way
28
Cognitive behavioralism
Social learning theory
A behavioral worldview that emphasizes that people learn by watching others and that our thoughts and reinforcers determine behaviors
29
Cognitive behavioralist
Focus of changing and modyfying thoughts
30
Self efficacy
An internal belief in our competence that determines whether we initiate in activities or persist in face of failures
31
Accommodation
Piaget enlarging or mental capacities to fit input from the wider world
32
Developmental systems perspective
All encompassing outlook on development stresses the need to embrace a variety of theories and that they all relAte
33
Bronfenbrenners ecological model
Microsystem-direct environment
Mesosystem-relationship between Microsystem
Exosystem: setting in which there is a link between context where a person has no active role
Macro systems-cultures
Chronosystem- transitions
34
Macro system
Culture of individual
Ses
Ethnicity
35
Chronosystem
Transitions and shifts in life
| Divorce
36
Piaget sensorimotoe
Ends in language
Manipulates objects
0-2
37
Preoperations
Perceptions captured by immediate objects
| 2-7
38
Concrete operations
Realistic understanding
| 8-12
39
Formal operations
```
Reasoning
Hypothetical
Scientific
Flexible
12+
```
40
Crosssecrional study
A developmental strategy that involves testing different age groups at same time
41
Logitudal study
Tests age group for many years
42
Fertilization
Union of speech and egg
Sperm surround ovum
Sperm burrows in
Two nuclei of cells fuse
43
Chromosome
A threadlike strand of DNA that is located in the nucleus of every cell that carries genes
44
DNA
Makes up genes
45
Gene
Segment of DNA that contains blueprint for protein
46
Attachment theory
Theory formed by john bowlby centering on critical importance to our species survival of being closely connected with a caregiver during early childhood and being attached to significant other later in life
47
Evolutionary psychology
Theory or worldview highlighting the role that inborn species specific behaviors play in human development
48
Behavioral genetics
Field devoted to scientifically determining the role that hereditary forces play in determining individual differences in behavior t
49
Twin study
Behavior genetic research strategy, designed to determine connection of a given trait that involves comparing identical twins with fraternal twins
50
Adoption study
Compare child with biological and adoptive study
51
Evocative forces
The nature interacts with nurture principle that our genetic temperamental tendencies and predisposition evoke or produce responses from people
52
Bidirectionality
The crucial principle that people affect one another or that interpersonal influences flow in both directions
53
Active forces
Nature interacts with nurture principle that our generic tendencies and predispositions cause us to choose to put ourselves environments
54
Person environment fit
The extent to which the environment is tailored to our biological tendencies and talents
55
Erik sons psychosocial tasks
Each challenge we face as we travel through the eight stages of lifespan
56
Piagets cognitive development theory
Piaget principle that from infancy to adolescence children progress through four different stages of intellectual growth
57
Assimilation
Piaget
| Fitting input to existing capacities
58
Germinal stage
First 14 days of prenatal development from fertilization to implantation
59
Zygote
Fertilized ovum
60
Blastocyst
The hollow sphere of cells that formed during germinal stage in prep for implantation
61
Implantation
The process I. Which a blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterine wall
62
Embryonic stage
Second stage
| Week 3-8
63
Neural tube
A cylindrical structure that forms along the back of the embryo and develops into the brain and spinal chord
64
Proximodisal sequence
Growth occurs from interior outwards
65
Ceph. Sequence
Head to toe
66
Mass to specific
Large structures preced details
67
Fetal stage
The final stage of prenatal development 7 months
Characterized by refinements massive growth
Brian development
68
Gestation
Period of pregnancy
69
Miscarriage
The naturally occurring loss of pregnancy
70
Quickening
Women's first feeling of the fetus moving
71
Birth defect
A physical or neurological problem occurring prenatally or at birth
72
Teratogen
Teratogen a substance that crosses the placenta and harms the fetus
73
Sensitive period
The time when body structures most vulnerable to damage
74
Developmental disorder
Learning impairments and behavioral problems during infancy and childhood
75
Fetal alcohol system
A cluster of birth defects caused by a mothers alcohol consumption during pregnancy
76
Fetal programming research
New research discipline exploring impact of traumatic events and intense stress on low birth weight and obesity
77
Down syndrome
The most common chromosomal abnormality causing mental retardation heart disease and physical characteristics
78
Genetic testing
A blood test to determine whether a person carries a gene for a genetic disorder
79
Ultrasound
Image of fetus in womb
80
Chronic villis sampling
Risky first trimester pregnancy test for fetal disorders
81
Aminotesis
Second trimester genetic testing
| Syringe extracts fluid
82
Inferetiliy
Inability to receive after a year of unprotected sex
83
Assisted reproductive technology
Any infertility treatment in which the egg is fertilized outside the womb
84
In vitro
Conception outside womb
| Cell inserted to uterus
85
Dilation and effacement
Cervix thins and widens
86
Birth
Fetus descends
| Crowning
87
Expulsion
Placenta pushed out
88
Breech birth
A typical positioning
89
Natural child birth
Labor without medical
90
Apagar scale
```
Measure heart rate
Muscle
Respiration
Reflex
Color
```
91
Low birth weight
Less that 5.5
92
Very low birth weight
LeS than 3.5
93
Infant mortality
Death in year 1
94
Cerebral cortex
Outer part of Brian
| Thinking reading perceiving
95
Axon
Long nerve fiber that conducts impulses
96
Dendrite
A branching fiber that receives info
97
Synapses
The gap between dendrites of I nwuron and axon of another
98
Syapgenisis
Forming connection
99
Myelination
Formation of fatty layer encasing axons and neurons
| Speed
100
Plastic
Malleable
101
Stunting
Short stature caused by under nutrition
102
Micronutrient deficiency
Inadequate level of of nutrients
103
Food insecurity
1/5 in us
104
Colic
Baby's frantic crying during the first 3 months of life caused by immature immune system
105
Swaddling
Wrapping baby tightly in a blanket
| Calming
106
Kangaroo care
Carrying a young baby in a sling close to body
107
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement
108
Co sleeping
Standard custom of collectivist cultures of having baby in bed
109
Sudden infant death
Death while sleeping, unexpected, year 1
110
Preferential looking paradigm
A research technique to explore early infant sensory capacities and cognition drawing in the principle that we prefer new things
111
Habituation
Loss of interest once stimulus framiliar
112
Face perception studies
Research using oarifigm and habituation to explore what young babies know about faces
113
Sensorimotoe stage
Piaget first stage
Birth-2
Pin down basics of reality
114
Circular reactions
Piaget
Repeatative actions
Habits
115
Primary circular reactors
Center also on body
116
Secondary circular
Exploring the world
| 4-months-1 year
117
Tertiary circular
Involving flexibility exploring properties of objects
118
Means end
Goal
119
A not b error
Approaching age one
| Go back to original hiding place
120
Little scientists
Age one
| Tertiary
121
Information processing approach
A perspective on understanding cognition that divides thinking into specific steps and component processes like a computer
122
Social cognition
Any skill relating to understanding feelings and negotiating interpersonal interactions
123
Joint attention
The first sign of getting human intentions
| Follow gaze or point
124
Grammar
Roles and word serving system
125
Language acquisition
Chomskys term for hypothetical brain structure that enables our species to learn and produce language
126
Social interactionist perspective
An approach to language development that emphasizes its social function
127
Babbling
Alternating vowel and constants
| 5 months
128
Halo phase
Single word for complete thought
| 1 year
129
Telegraphic speech
18 months
First stage of combbinding words
Two word combinations
130
Attachment
The powerful bond between caregiver and child
131
Toddlerhood
The important transitional period stage 1-2.5
| Intense attachment
132
Proximity seeking behavior
Acting to maintain physical contact or to be close to attachment figure
133
Pre attachment
1st bowlby stage
| 1-3 months
134
Social smile
First real smile
| 2 months
135
Attachment in the making
2nd phase
4-7 months
Babies slightly prefer caregiver
136
Clear cut attachment
7 months to toddlerhood
137
Strange situation
Ainsworth
| Planned separation
138
Temperaments
A persons characteristic in born style of dealing with the world
139
Autonomy
Erickson task 1-2
| Understanding separate individuals
140
Self conscious
Age 2
141
Socialization
The process by when children are taught to obey the norms of society
