301 2

Question 1

Correlation

Answer 1

A statistical association between variables

Question 2

Correlational research

Answer 2

Involves examining potential associations between naturally occurring by measuring variables and determining if they are statistically related

Question 3

Positive correlation

Answer 3

Higher scores/levels of one variable lead to higher scores of another variable

Question 4

Negative correlation

Answer 4

Higher scores of one lead to lower scores of another

Question 5

Pearsons r

Answer 5

A statistic that measures the direction and strength of a linear relationship between two variables on interval or ratio scale

Question 6

Spearmans cho

Answer 6

Used to measure relationship when variables are on ordinal scale (ranks)

Question 7

Scatter plot

Answer 7

A graph in which data points portray intersection of x and y values

Question 8

Bidirectionality problem

Answer 8

Ambiguity about if x causes or y causes x

Question 9

Third variable problem

Answer 9

A third variable may be the reason x and ybappear to be related

Question 10

Partial correlation

Answer 10

A correlation between x and y is computed while statistically controlling 3rd variable

Question 11

Cross sectional research design

Answer 11

Each person participated on one occasion and all variables are measured at the same time

Question 12

Prospective design

Answer 12

Variable x is measured at a an earlier point than y

Question 13

Regression anysis

Answer 13

Explores the quantitative linear relationship between two variables

Question 14

Criterion variable

Answer 14

Variable we are trying to predict

Question 15

Predictor variable

Answer 15

A alvariable who’s scores are used to predict the criterion

Question 16

Multiple regression

Answer 16

Explores the linear relation between one variable and a set of two or more other variables

Question 17

Range restriction

Answer 17

Occurs when the range of scores obtained for a variable has been artificially limited in some way

Question 18

Cas study

Answer 18

In depth analysis of individual or phenomena

Question 19

Qualitative case study

Answer 19

Examines in real life context

Question 20

Quantitative case study

Answer 20

Relies on numerical assessments

Question 21

Intrinsic case study

Answer 21

Some inherent interest

Question 22

Instrumental case study

Answer 22

An example of a broader phenomenon

Question 23

Collective case study

Answer 23

Each of several cases is studied for info of a broader phenomenon

Question 24

Single case study

Answer 24

One case

Question 25

Multiple case design

Answer 25

Two or more

Question 26

Semi structured interview

Answer 26

The researcher identifies in advance a set of topics or themes to be discussed but still flexible

Question 27

Focus group

Answer 27

A moderator leads a group of people through an interview and discussion of a set of topics

Question 28

Observer bias

Answer 28

Occurs when a researcher has expectations that distort observations

Question 29

Observational research

Answer 29

Encompasses different types of non expiremntal studies in which behavior is systematically watched and recorded

Question 30

Naturalistic observation

Answer 30

Researchers passively observe a behavior in a natural setting

Question 31

Participant observation:

Answer 31

: the observer becomes part of the group being studied

Question 32

Enthnography

Answer 32

A qualitative research approach that often combines participant observation and interviews

Question 33

Structured observation

Answer 33

A researcher fully or partly configured setting

Question 34

Behavioral coding systems

Answer 34

Involve classifying participants responses into mutually exclusive catergories

Question 35

Observer ranking scales

Answer 35

Used to evaluate participants behavior

Question 36

Diary

Answer 36

Participants record their behavior

Question 37

Interonserver reliability

Answer 37

Represents the degree to which independent observer show agreement in their observations

Question 38

Focal sampling

Answer 38

Used to select a particular member who will be observed at a given time

Question 39

Scan sampling

Answer 39

At preselected times the observer rapidly scans each member of a group so that the entire groups observed within a relatively short period

Question 40

Situation sampling

Answer 40

Used to establish diverse settings

Question 41

Time sampling

Answer 41

Select representative time periods in whichonservations will occur

Question 42

Blind observation

Answer 42

Observers unaware of hypotheses

Question 43

Reactivity

Answer 43

Occurs when the process of observing causes behavior to change

Question 44

Habituation

Answer 44

A decrease in strength of response overtime

Question 45

Unobtrusive measure

Answer 45

Asses behavior without making people aware the behavior is being measured

Question 46

Physical trace measures

Answer 46

Unobtrusive, look at traces left behind

Question 47

Survey

Answer 47

Used questionnaires and interviews to gather info about people

Question 48

Representative sample

Answer 48

Reflects the important characteristics of population

Question 49

Social desirability bias

Answer 49

A tendency to respond in a way that a person feels is socially appropriate

Question 50

Probability sampling

Answer 50

Each member of a population has a chance of being selected to sample

Question 51

Simple random sampling

Answer 51

Every member of sampling frame has an equal prob of being chosen

Question 52

Stratified random sampling

Answer 52

A sampling frame which it is divided to group and in each group random sampling

Question 53

Cluster sampling

Answer 53

Units that containmemebers selected then units random sampled

Question 54

Single stage cluster sampling

Answer 54

All participants in clusters chosen to participate

Question 55

Quota sampling

Answer 55

Sample non random

Question 56

Self selection

Answer 56

Participants place self in study

Question 57

Sampling variability

Answer 57

Chance fluctuations in sample

Question 58

Margin of sampling error

Answer 58

A range of values within which the true population is assumed to reside

Question 59

Confidence level

Answer 59

Degree of confidence that a true population resides in the margin of error

Question 60

Leading q

Answer 60

Unbalanced/ suggestive

Question 61

Loaded q

Answer 61

Emotionally charged

Question 62

Double barreled q

Answer 62

Items that ask about two issues in one question

Question 63

Context effects

Answer 63

Response influenced by items before it

Question 64

Non response bias

Answer 64

Occurs when people who were selected but did not participate would have provided diff answers

Question 65

Construct validity

Answer 65

Do experimental operations capture what’s intended

Question 66

Internal validity

Answer 66

Confident that I can make casual inferences

Question 67

Mundane realism

Answer 67

Surface validity