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301 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do research

A

The need to explain behavior

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2
Q

Why do we need to explain

A

Liability
Prevent future occurrences
Understand human condidition

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3
Q

Different way of obtaining knowledge

A 
Peirces ways of knowing
Tenacity
Authority 
Reason
Empiricism
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4
Q

Tenacity

A

Accept knowledge just because you are familiar with it, don’t question it and hold on

Shut off other info

Blind devotion

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5
Q

Authority

A

Accept knowledge because authority figure told you

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6
Q

Reason

A

Rely on logic and rationality

Reason alone won’t produce the truth

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7
Q

Empricim

A

Acquiring knowledge through observation and experience

Observation bias

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8
Q

What is science

A

A systematic way to
Control and interpret empirical evidence
Reason with evidence and form conclusions. Asked on this evidence
It’s a process not a thing

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9
Q

Importance of science

A

Science is a process that lets us answer questions
Gives us appropriate ways to approach them so we can have confidence in our answers
Understanding research helps us be better consumers of data

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10
Q

Characteristics of science

A 
-objective 
   No personal opinion 
    Clearly define what and how
    Operational definition 
-involves assumptions
     That a cause does exist and is knowable 
-empirical
    Based on the gathering of measurable observation 
-replicable and verifiable 
-public
-tentative 
  Can change
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11
Q

What does appropriate science do?

A 
Science enables us to organize and gather information from our inviting meme to do several things 
 Describe
 Explanation 
 Prediction
  Control
   Hypothesis
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12
Q

Description

A

First step in science
Systematically describe what’s happening
May not know why a situation is the case

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13
Q

Explanation

A

Explain why something has or did happen
We got to an explanation by theory and hypothesis
What is the cause?

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14
Q

Hypothesis

A

A prediction or statement about the outcome of an empirical investigation
Can be directional(a will be better than b$ or non directional(a will be different than b)
Focuses research
Falsifiable

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15
Q

Prediction

A

If we can explain behavior and our hypothesis is generalizable we can apply that knowledge to other instances

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16
Q

Control

A

Application of science to real world

We can control behavior

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17
Q

Science in the real world

A

Powerful tool

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18
Q

Culture and research

A

Not many are high in science literacy
Misunderstand results or process
Certain groups dismiss findings
Be a skeptic

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19
Q

Ethics

A

Ethics represent a system of moral principles and standards

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20
Q

Nazi war crimes

A 
Tried in Nuremberg 
Unethical human experiments
Mass killings
Sterlization
Exposure to chemicals and disease
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21
Q

Tuskegee

A

1932 Georgia
Investigate effects of syohillis
Poor uneducated blacks
Persuaded with food

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22
Q

Fabrication

A

Making up results

Hauser monkey cognition

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23
Q

Falsification

A

Changing omitting or manipulating data

Stapel garfitti/litter

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24
Q

Plagerism

A

Misappropriation of another’s ideas, opinions, etc without credit

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25
Belmont report 1979
Respect for persons Beneficiance Justice Gueidelines: Consent Asses risks and benefits Select participants in just ways
26
Common rule 2009
United States federal policy that specifies ethics regulations for human subjects
27
APA principles
``` Beneficence Fidelity Integrity Justice Respect for people's ```
28
Benificiance and non maleficiance
Work should benefit while not harming
29
Fidelity
Be professional | Consent
30
Integrity
Honesty
31
Justice
All actions have repercussions
32
Respect for people's
Treated well | No bias
33
IRB
Review proposals No direct interest Asses costs and benefits Exempt and expididted review= minimal risks
34
Types of harm
Physical Psychological Social harm, loss of privacy, ability or confidentiality Economic or legal harm
35
Minimal risk
Magnitude of harm not greater than ordinary
36
Informed consent
``` Purpose Risks Alternative procedures Confidentiality Incentives Contact info Voluntary Free to stop ```
37
Deception
Actively mislead or withhold
38
Active deception
Misinform participants about study | False statements about researcher or equipment
39
Passive deception
Concealed observers | Vague descriptions
40
Internet research
Anonymity and less pressure to continue Les sinformed consent debriefing
41
Iacuc
Animal subjects must be treated ethically
42
Operational definition
Working understanding of what we are measuring
43
Mediator/moderator
Part of casual chain | Modified casual effect
44
Scales of measurement
Nominal scale Ordinal scale Interval scale Ratio scale
45
Nominal scale
Name that describes an aspect of the subject Category or group that the researcher assigned a subject to Does not have a quantitative aspect
46
Ordinal scale
Set of categories that are organized into a sequence Gives you directional or relational info Does not give you magnitude of difference betweeen categories
47
Interval scale
Ordered set of catergories No zero point Difference between categories the same size
48
Ratio scale
Order set of catergories with a zero point
49
Reliability
Given the same conditions the score on a given measure would. E identical ``` Just because it is reliable does not mean it is useful Not all or nothing Test restest Split half reliability Inter eater releibiliry ```
50
Validity
Does the measure relate to what it is suppose to measure Internal: focused on quality of investigation External: can it generalize
51
Construct validity
Degree to which sit measures whatvit is suppose to
52
Content validity
Have the right material to measure something
53
Criterion validity
Does your measure relate to other criterion measures
54
Predictive validity
Does it allow us to predict
55
Convergent divergent validity
Do they or do they not have a relation ship
56
Confirmation bias
Selectively gather info based on what we believe
57
Variable
Any factor or attribute that can assume more than one valued
58
Theory
Set of formal statements that specifies how and why variables or events are related
59
Distal cause
Remote causes
60
Proximal causes
Immediate
61
Control
Having influence over research settings and procedures and over the application of scientific knowledge
62
Empirical question
One that can be tested through observation
63
Falsifiability
A criterion for judging test ability
64
Basic research
Examines fundamental nature of phenomena
65
Applied research
Directly focuses on solving or evaluating a specific real world problem
66
Anecdotal evidence
Brief stories
67
After you collect data
Describe it | Use for inferences
68
Central tendency
Most common or most representative
69
Shape of distribution of scores
How scores are dispersed, more high or low
70
Covarriability of scores
How do scores change
71
Descriptive stats
Puts what we see to numbers | Summarize organize and simplify data
72
Kintosis
Peaks
73
Lepto
Thin | No range
74
Proty
Flat | No center
75
Covariability
r | -1 to 1
76
Nuremberg code
A set of ethical principles essential for medical experiments to be permissible
77
Asset
Even tho a person might not be able to comprehend details they display desire to participate
78
Confederate
Anaccompliamce of the investigator trained to act
79
Contamination
Future participants learn objectives
80
Three rs
Reduction Refinement Replacement
81
Hypothecate constructs
Underlying charcterixctics that are not directly observed

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