3. Renal

Question 1

How much of Urea is reabsorbed by the renal tubules?

Answer 1

40%

Question 2

if the GFR decreases, what happens to the plasma creatine levels?

Answer 2

They increase

–> Creatinine doesnt go through glomerulus so stays in renal artery -> renal vein -> BS

Question 3

In Oliguria, what happens to :

GFR
ADH
Aldosterone
Renin

Answer 3

GFR = Decreases
ADH = Increases
Aldosterone = Increases
Renin = Increases

Question 4

common cause of oliguria

Answer 4

Dehydration

Question 5

Thrombotic Microangiopathy is what

Answer 5

Thrombi in capillaries / arterioles

Question 6

Good pasture Syndrome leads to damage to what?

Answer 6

Glomerular damage

Question 7

damage to blood vessels around kidney and/or damage to glomerulus will subsequently lead to what?

Answer 7

Damage to tubule

Question 8

Nephrotic syndrome is always caused by damage to what?

Answer 8

Glomerulus

-> IgA Nephropathy

Question 9

Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 9

Membranous nephropathy

-> Immune attacks filtering system

Question 10

In acute nephritis, if the cause is a post infective glomerulonephritis, what was the initial infection source

Answer 10

Streptococcal throat infection

Question 11

What is a primary cause of glomerular disease?

Answer 11

IgA Nephropathy

Question 12

Most common cause of Chronic Renal failure?

Answer 12

Diabetes

Question 13

Common cause of renal artery stenosis

Answer 13

Atheroma / arterial dysplasia

Question 14

what type of bacteria on the skin, is present in the perineum

Answer 14

Coagulase negative staphylococci

Question 15

Most common cause of UTI

Answer 15

E.coli

Question 16

Difference between complicated and uncomplicated UTI

Answer 16

Complicated = Underlying abnormality // foreign body

Uncomplicated = neither of those

Question 17

90% of chronic prostatitis is caused by what?

Answer 17

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome

Question 18

Boric acid is used for what

Answer 18

Preservative for urine sample

Question 19

Why is MSU used?

Answer 19

Doesnt pick up colonising urethra bacteria

Question 20

Sterile Pyuria consists of what?

Answer 20

Raised WCC with no bacteria growth

Question 21

What kind of organisms are present in Sterile Pyuria

Answer 21

M.TB // Haemo spp. // Anaerobes

Question 22

early morning urine x3 special test is used when

Answer 22

Pt suspected of urinary TB

Question 23

Who has a longer course of AB in cystitis

Answer 23

Males

Question 24

Renal Cell carcinoma is what?

Common type?

Answer 24

Renal tubular epithelium cancer

Clear Cell

Question 25

Renal carcinomas generally metastasize to what

Answer 25

Bone metastasis

Question 26

Wilms tumour is otherwise known as what? Why

Answer 26

Nephroblastoma Cancer of nephroblasts in embryological development

Question 27

Wilms tumour affects who? What is the most common type of tumour (sides?)

Answer 27

children 90% unilateral

Question 28

What gene is often affected in Wilms tumour

Answer 28

WT1

Question 29

Urolithiasis is what? What areas are affected?

Answer 29

Calculi / stones in Urinary tract renal calyx --> bladder

Question 30

What is the most common cause of urolithiasis?

Answer 30

Calcium (hypercalcaemia)

Question 31

Those with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) have what? what happens to the urine in these pt

Answer 31

Shorter intramural ureter? Urine flows wrong way

Question 32

Who is generally affected in VUR

Answer 32

Children

Question 33

Urothelial carcinoma affects what cells

Answer 33

Transitional cells

Question 34

What is the most common cause of bladder cancer

Answer 34

Urothelial carcinoma

Question 35

Neurogenic bladder is what?

Answer 35

Inability to properly empty bladder

Question 36

What are the 2 types of neurogenic bladder?

Answer 36

Spastic --> UMN lesion (stroke / ms) Flaccid --> LMN lesion (preg / diabetes)

Question 37

Benign prostatic hyperplasia affects what cells?

Answer 37

Stromal + Glandular cells

Question 38

What hormone is mediated in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Answer 38

DHT

Question 39

Prostatic adenocarcinoma affects what

Answer 39

Glandular epithelium cancer in prostate

Question 40

Cryptorchidism is what?

Answer 40

undescended testes

Question 41

At what age does the testes form

Answer 41

7 weeks

Question 42

AT what week does inguinoscrotal descent occur for the testes?

Answer 42

25-35 weeks

Question 43

Most common (sides) to be affected in cryptorchidism

Answer 43

Unilaterals

Question 44

Seminoma is what

Answer 44

Germ cell malignant neoplasm in seminiferous tubules

Question 45

What is the most common type of testicular cancer

Answer 45

Seminoma

Question 46

Where does seminoma spread to

Answer 46

Lung metastasis

Question 47

Renal + bladder carcinomas have what type of prognosis

Answer 47

Bad

Question 48

Seminoma + prostate carcinoma + Wilms tumour have what type of prognosis

Answer 48

Good

Question 49

The most common type of malignant tumour of the kidney in an adult is _ _ _ _ _cell carcinoma, relating to the vacuolated appearance of the tumour cell cytoplasm.

Answer 49

clear

Question 50

what is a common malignant renal carcinoma?

Answer 50

Clear cell

Question 51

does ADH affect potassium levels

Answer 51

no

Question 52

what affects potassium levels

Answer 52

aldosterone

Question 53

marker for GFR

Answer 53

creatine clearance

Question 54

what happens to vitamin D levels in high PTH

Answer 54

low vit D => high PTH

Question 55

vit D deficiency can lead to what type of hyper parathyrodism

Answer 55

vit D => Secondary PTH