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YR2 - Clinical Pathology > 6. Haemotology > Flashcards

6. Haemotology Flashcards

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1
Q

Myeloma

A

Malignant disorder of plasma cells

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2
Q

What is found as a diagnosis tool in myeloma?

A

M spike in protein electrophoresis

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3
Q

Amyloid Light Chain Amylodosis

Whats formed

A

Creation of missfolded proteins created by Plasma cells

Beta pleated fibrils

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4
Q

Lymphomas

A

Malignant proliferation of lymphocytes

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5
Q

T (14:18) is a type of what?

A

Follicular lymphoma

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6
Q

Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia

Epi?

A

Malignant disorder of mature B cells

Most common type of leukaemia

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7
Q

Tumnour Lysis Syndrome

What is released

A

Rapid breakdown of tumour cells

Potassium + phosphate

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8
Q

CAR-T therapy

A

Genetically modify own T cells towards cancer

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9
Q

Rivaroxaban (apixaban) is a type of direct oral anticoagulants and inhibits what?

A

Inhibitor of Factor Xa

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10
Q

Dabigatran is a type of direct oral anticoagulants and inhibits what?

A

Direct thrombin inhibitor

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11
Q

What is a product of VTE that is used as a diagnosis tool?

A

D dimer

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12
Q

Thrombophilia

A

familial disorder that leads to predisposure of thrombosis

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13
Q

Factor V Leiden

A

Most common familial thrombophilia

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14
Q

Prothrombin 20210A is a type of what?

What happens

A

Thrombophilia

Increased prothrombin levels

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15
Q

LMWH does what to platelet function

A

DOES NOT inhibit platelet function

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16
Q

Unfractionated does what to platelet function

A

DOES INHIBIT platelet function

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17
Q

Protamine sulphate is used in what?

A

Treatment of bleeding with LMWH + Unfractionated heparin

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18
Q

Warfarin reduces production of what?

What is then affected in the cascade production

A

Vit K

2,7,9,10 C + S

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19
Q

Aspirin inactivates what reducing what?

A

COX ==> Thromboxane A2

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20
Q

Clopidogrel // Prasugrel // Ticagrelor are all types

A

P2Y12 => platelet

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21
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) leads to generation of what?

A

Generation of thrombin

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22
Q

Iron is absorbed how? How is it excreted?

A

Absorbed in gut mucosa

Not excreted

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23
Q

How is iron transported?

How is iron stored?

A

Transferrin

Ferritin

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24
Q

Megaloblastic Anaemia is caused by what? (3)

A

Impaired DNA synthesis

  • -> B12 / Folic acid def
  • -> Drugs
  • -> Alcohol
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25
What is the regulator of iron absorption? What is it released from?
Hepcidin Macrophages
26
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is what?
Immune disorder that attacks platelets = Thrombocytopenia
27
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (TTP) is what?
Thrombocytopenia where many clots occur leading to low platelets Thrombocytopenia
28
Primitive Cells that are used in haemopoiesis develop from what?
Yolk sac
29
What type of anaemia is IDA
Microcytic
30
In Vitamin B12 anaemia, what happens to the neutrophils and macrocytes
Hyper segmented neutrophils + Oval macrocytes
31
What shape of RBC occurs in IDA?
Pencil Shapes
32
Leucodepletion?
Removal of WBC to leave RBC alone
33
Apheresis platelets vs pooled platelets?
Apheresis -> Platelets removed and other parts returned back to donor Pooled -> Different donors in 1 pack
34
Fresh frozen plasma contains what?
Clotting factors
35
Cryoprecipitate is used as what?
Concentrated source of fibrinogen => DIC / Haemorrhage
36
Febrile non haemolytic transfusion consists of what?
Cytokines that have accumulated in donor transfusion which leads to febrile in recipitant
37
TACO (transfusion associated circulatory overload) is what?
Volume excess from transfusion = Pulmonary oedema
38
Acute haemolytic reaction is generally caused by what in transfusion
ABO incompatibility
39
Delayed haemolytic reaction is generally caused by what in transfusion?
AB forming after exposure
40
What kind of antigens are affected in delayed haemolytic reaction?
Rhesus / Kell / Duffy / Kidd
41
Transfusion Related Acute lung Injury?
AB in blood against recipients leucocytes Donor against host
42
If the bleeding disorder is congenital, how many defects are present?
Single (one)
43
If the bleeding disorder is acquired, how many defects are present?
Multiple
44
vWF is what type of condition? Epi? Whos affected the most
Autosomal Dominant Most common bleeding disorder Group O most common
45
Haemophilia A =
Factor 8 Def
46
Haemophilia B =
Factor 9 Def
47
What type of genetic condition is haemophilia?
X - linked recessive
48
What inheritance is thalassaemia?
Autosomal recessive
49
What chromosomes are the globin chains?
11 + 16
50
Which globin chain is the most predominant form?
Hb - A
51
Sickle Cell Heterozygote trait electrophoresis characteristic?
Hb S (45%) // Hb A
52
Sickle Cell Homozygote trait
Hb S / S
53
Thalassaemia is caused by an imbalance of what?
Alpha - Beta Globin chains
54
What type of thalassaemia is Hb Barts? What occurs?
Alpha Thalassaemia No Alpha chains
55
In HbH, what type of thalassaemia is it? What occurs?
Alpha Thalassaemia Reduced number of Alpha chains
56
B thalassemia is caused by an excess of what?
Alpha chains
57
Which is more severe, B thalassaemia Major or Thalassaemia intermedia?
Major
58
Giving a transfusion to a thalassaemic patient can lead to what?
Iron Overload
59
Acute myeloid leukaemia leads to what (pathology)
Accumulation of AML / ALL precursors in bone marrow
60
What chromosome is usually affected in AML
Chromosome 16
61
30% of AML patients have what type of mutation
FTL3
62
What are these all types of? : Polycythaemia Vera (PV) Essential Thrombocytosis Idiopathic myelofibrosis
Chronic Myeloproliferative disorders
63
In Polycythaemia Vera (PV), what occurs?
Increase in RBC / Neutrophils / Platelets
64
In Essential Thrombocytosis, what occurs?
Increased platelets
65
CALR + JAK mutations can lead to what?
Essential Thrombocytosis
66
JAK tyrosine kinases are important for what?
EPO signalling pathway
67
T (9:22) Philadelphia is found in what?
CML
68
CRAB is used in what disease
Myeloma
69
what type of mutation occurs in alpha thalassaemia
Deletions
70
what type of mutation occurs in beta thalassaemia
point mutations
71
what type of deficiency would lead to an increase in thrombotic events
Protein C def
72
infection of catheters, prostheses and ventriculo-peritoneal shunts bacterial organism
coagulase negative staph
73
can pernicious anaemia affect fertility
PA => Affect fertility
74
CN palsy is a complication of what
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)

YR2 - Clinical Pathology (10 decks)

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