5. Gyno + Breast

Question 1

TORCH

Answer 1

Toxoplasmosis / Others / Rubella / CMV / HSV

others
–> Syphilis / HIV / Cox / Hep B / VZV

Question 2

Is group B streptococcus done as part of routine test?

Answer 2

No

does more harm than good

Question 3

Post prolonged rupture of membranes leads to what during pregnancy?

Answer 3

Intra-amniotic infections

Question 4

Intra-amniotic infection pathogenesis

Answer 4

Bacteria in vagina ascend through cervix

Question 5

Puerperium

Answer 5

6 weeks after childbirth where reproductive organs return to original non-pregnant condition

Question 6

Puerperal endometritis

Answer 6

Uterine infection during puerperium

Question 7

Intra-amniotic infections + puerperal endometritis common causative agents (2)

Answer 7

GBS + E.coli

Question 8

Most common symptom presenting in childhood infections

Answer 8

respiratory

Question 9

Croup

Answer 9

Inflammation / narrowing of subloglottic region of larynx

Question 10

Croup is generally caused by what

Answer 10

Viral infection

Question 11

3 symptoms of Croup

Answer 11

Stridor // Barking cough // Hoarseness

Question 12

Otitis Media

Answer 12

Middle ear infection

Question 13

Main cause of otitis media

Answer 13

streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 14

Main cause of LRTI

Answer 14

Respiratory syncytial virus

Question 15

Pertussis is caused by what

Answer 15

Bordetella Pertussis

Question 16

What are the 3 stages of pertussis (in order)

Answer 16

Catarrhal (cold like 7-10 days)

Paroxysmal (whooping sound 2-6 weeks)

Convalescent phase

Question 17

Common cause of meningitis in neonates

Answer 17

GBS / E.coli / Listeria

Question 18

Common cause of meningitis in >1 - 5 years

Answer 18

Streptococcus Pneumoniae // Neisseria meningitis

Question 19

Common cause of meningitis < 1 yr

Answer 19

Viral Meningitis

Question 20

Common cause of meningitis < 3 months

Answer 20

Enteroviruses

Question 21

Impetigo is geenerally cxaused by what? (2)

Answer 21

Staph aureus // Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 22

what is impetigo

Answer 22

Skin infection

Question 23

Scarlet fever is generally caused by what?

Answer 23

Group A Beta-haemolytic streptococcus

Question 24

2 symptoms of scarlet fever

Answer 24

Rash on face + Rough sandpaper skin

Question 25

What are not found in male breast (5) ``` Lob Ter Co Fib Cy ```

Answer 25

``` Lobules Terminal ductal lobular units (TDLU) Coopers ligaments Fibroadenomas cysts ```

Question 26

Lactiferous duct drains into what next to the areola

Answer 26

Lactiferous sinus

Question 27

How many lobules are in a breast

Answer 27

15-20

Question 28

What produces milk

Answer 28

Acinus

Question 29

Acinus contains what cells (inner + outer)

Answer 29

Inner => Ductal epithelial cells outer => Myoepithelial cells

Question 30

Fibrocystic disease consists of what (2) (describe cyst / plasia)

Answer 30

cyst formation // mild hyperplasia without atypia

Question 31

is fibrocystic disease bilateral // unilateral?

Answer 31

Bilateral

Question 32

Fibroadenoma has what type of lump?

Answer 32

Mobile + painless

Question 33

What components are affected in a fibroadenoma

Answer 33

stromal + epithelial

Question 34

Who are at most risk in a fibroadenoma?

Answer 34

Women 20-30years

Question 35

DCIS is found in what?

Answer 35

Parenchymal structures

Question 36

what is DCIS a precursor of?

Answer 36

Invasive Carcinoma

Question 37

Breast cancer affects what cell type

Answer 37

Breast parenchyma // accessory breast tissue

Question 38

Endometriosis is what?

Answer 38

Ectopic endometrial tissue

Question 39

Endometriosis has what theory?

Answer 39

Regurgitation theory -> blood goes back on itself and doesnt leave vagina // enters perineum and starts growing fibroids

Question 40

What are the two types of endometrial polyps

Answer 40

Sessile // Pedunculated

Question 41

Sessile polyps = > Pedunculated polyp =>

Answer 41

sessile = Broad Pedunculated = Narrow stalk

Question 42

Endometrial hyperplasia is associated with what hormone imbalance?

Answer 42

High estrogen // Low Progesterone

Question 43

What drug is used in breast cancer that can increase risk of endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 43

Tamixofen

Question 44

PTEN mutation can lead to whatt?

Answer 44

Endometrial Hyperplasia

Question 45

Endometrial cancer has what 2 types?

Answer 45

Endometroid (75%) // Serous (25%)

Question 46

Endometrial cancer is associated with what being unopposed

Answer 46

Estradiol

Question 47

Explain the 4 stages of endometrial cancer

Answer 47

Stage 1 => Carcinoma in uterine body Stage 2 => Carcinoma in cervix Stage 3 => Carcinoma in uterus Stage 4 => Carcinoma spread to bladder / bowel

Question 48

Lynch syndrome | Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer HNPCC

Answer 48

Inherited cancer predisposition syndrome increases chance of colorectal cancer // endometrial cancer // ovarian cancer // bowel cancer

Question 49

What is the most common gynaecological condition

Answer 49

Myometrial Tumour

Question 50

Is myometrial tumour benign?

Answer 50

Yes

Question 51

PCOS regarding the hypothalamus leads to increased what?

Answer 51

GnRH

Question 52

Why is there high GnRH in PCOS

Answer 52

Low progesterone = High GnRH

Question 53

With high GnRH in PCOS, can 2 hormones are affected that lead to no ovulation

Answer 53

High LH // Low FSH

Question 54

Other than LH / GnRH increasing, what else increases in PCOS

Answer 54

Androgens ==> Hyperandrogenism

Question 55

What are the 3 conditions that need to be present in PCOS

Answer 55

Hyperandrogenism Ovulatory dysfunction // Polycystic ovaries Menstral irregularities

Question 56

benign smooth muscle tumour that very rarely becomes cancer

Answer 56

Leiomyoma // Fibroids

Question 57

High exposure to eostrogen for long periods of time can lead to what carcinoma?

Answer 57

Ductal carcinoma

Question 58

BRCA 1 is associated with what cancer other than breast

Answer 58

Cervix

Question 59

tripple assessment =>

Answer 59

examination // imaging // biopsy

Question 60

Carcinoma in situ -> carcinoma What tissue?

Answer 60

Breast

Question 61

Hyperplasia -> Carcinoma What tissue?

Answer 61

endometrium

Question 62

Adenoma -> carcinoma What tissue?

Answer 62

Colon