7. Respiratory

Question 1

Asthma

Answer 1

Reversible intermittent narrowing of airways

Question 2

Atopic (extrinsic) asthma generally affects who?

Answer 2

Children

Question 3

non-atopic (intrinsic) asthma generally affects who?

Answer 3

Adults

Question 4

Dysfunction in asthma is done by what cells to produce the mucous

Answer 4

Goblet cells

Question 5

sensitisation is done by what cells

Answer 5

APC –> TH2 –> IgE production

Question 6

COPD is a combination of what 2 things?

What group do these 2 diseases belong to?

Answer 6

Chronic Bronchitis + emphysema

Obstructive lung diseases

Question 7

Emphysema =

Where does it generally affect?

Answer 7

Alveolar wall loss

Centriacinar = Upper Bronchioles

Question 8

Bronchiectasis =

Answer 8

PERMANENT dilation of bronchi due to wall damage

Question 9

What is normally secondary to bronchiectasis?

Answer 9

Chronic necrotising infection

Question 10

What type of cough is present in bronchiectasis patients?

Answer 10

Productive cough

Question 11

What are the 4 types of chronic interstitial lung diseases

Answer 11

IPF (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis)
Pneumoconiosis

Sarcoid
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP)

Question 12

IPF is triggered what injury

Answer 12

Repeated epithelial injury

Question 13

Pneumoconiosis =

Answer 13

Lung damage secondary to particle inhalation

Question 14

Common triggers for pneumoconiosis (3)

Answer 14

Mineral dust =

Coal dust // Silica // Asbestos

Question 15

What cells are key in pneumoconiosis?

Answer 15

macrophages ingesting particles

Question 16

Multisystem granulomatous disease affecting lymph nodes + lungs

Answer 16

Sarcoid

Question 17

What type of granulomas are found in sarcoid

Answer 17

non-caseating granulomas

Question 18

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Answer 18

Inflammation to inhaled antigens that are ORGANIC

Question 19

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis triggers (3)

Answer 19

Mould // Animal faeces // paint fumes

Question 20

What is more common, primary or secondary malignant lung cancer

Answer 20

Secondary = More common

Question 21

What is the most common type of primary lung cancer

Answer 21

Carcinoma ==> Non small cell carcinoma

Question 22

Within non small cell carcinomas, what are the 3 types

Answer 22

Adenocarcinoma (40%)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (30%)
Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma (15%)

Question 23

Presentation of Secondary malignant lung cancer

Answer 23

Multiple Discrete Nodules

Question 24

3 common types of secondary malignant lung cancer

Answer 24

Sarcomas
Melanomas
Lymphomas

Question 25

EGFR // KRAS // ALK are associated with what?

Answer 25

Lung cancer

Question 26

5 common metastasise sites for lung cancer

Answer 26

``` Lymph nodes Pleura liver Bone Adrenal Brain ```

Question 27

Lymphangitis Carcinomatosa =

Answer 27

Lymphatics within lung that are diffusely involved by tumours

Question 28

Both acute tonsillar pharyngitis + infectious mononucleosis have .....

Answer 28

Symmetrically inflamed tonsils

Question 29

Acute tonsillar pharyngitis VS infectious mononucleosis (1)

Answer 29

Soft palate inflammation ==> Infectious Mononucleosis

Question 30

Centor criteria is used to differentiate what?

Answer 30

To see if sore throat is caused by bacterial infection

Question 31

Common causes of pharyngitis + tonsillar pharyngitis

Answer 31

Viral

Question 32

What type of protein production is formed in pneumonia?

Answer 32

Excudate

Question 33

What are the 2 subtypes of pneumonia?

Answer 33

Bronchopneumonia Lobar pneumonia

Question 34

Patchy Inflamed bronchioles that spread to surrounding alveoli?

Answer 34

Bronchopneumonia

Question 35

Lobar Pneumonia is generally caused by ?

Answer 35

Strep. Pneumoniae

Question 36

Going from Lung to Intercostal muscles, go through the layers of the pleura

Answer 36

Alveoli CT (VP) Mesothelium (VP) Pleural Cavity Mesothelium (PP) CT (PP) Intercostal muscles

Question 37

Pleural fibrosis is secondary to what?

Answer 37

Pleural inflammation

Question 38

Pleural decortication =>

Answer 38

Removal of fibrous tissue

Question 39

Parietal pleural fibrous plaques is associated with?

Answer 39

Low Asbestos dust exposure

Question 40

Diffuse pleural fibrosis is associated with?

Answer 40

Bilateral High Asbestos dust exposure

Question 41

Haemothorax is generally caused by a ruptured ....

Answer 41

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

Question 42

Empyema is secondary to what?

Answer 42

Pneumonia

Question 43

Chylothorax is generally caused by what?

Answer 43

Trauma

Question 44

What sides are affected in diffuse pleural fibrosis

Answer 44

Bilateral

Question 45

open pneumothorax is generally caused by what

Answer 45

traumatic

Question 46

closed pneumothorax

Answer 46

not traumatic

Question 47

pneumothorax is ...

Answer 47

air drawn into the pleural cavity

Question 48

malignant mesothelioma M - F

Answer 48

Males > females

Question 49

normal bronchial epithelium is =

Answer 49

columnar

Question 50

squamous metaplasia = what this in response to?

Answer 50

columnar epithelium ==> Squamous cells smoking

Question 51

what is commonly mutated in lung adenocarcinoma?

Answer 51

EGFR