3.1.5 Nucleic Acids 3.1.5.1 Structure Of DNA and RNA

Question 1

Full names for DNA and RNA

Answer 1

DNA - deoxyrubonucleic acid

RNA - ribonucleic acid

Question 2

2 scientists who helped us understand DNA structure (1953)

Answer 2

James Watson

Francis crick

Question 3

Who made their work for DNA structure possible and how

Answer 3

Rosalind franklin

She discovered DNA using X-ray imaging

Question 4

What did DNA discovery open up

Answer 4

Major scientific breakthroughs and medical research

Question 5

What does DNA carry

Answer 5

Genetic code

Question 6

Where is DNA stored

Answer 6

In nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Question 7

What’s DNA stored as in nucleus’

Answer 7

Chromosomes (x shaped)

Question 8

What’s DNA and what’s it made up of

Answer 8

A polymer made of of nucleotide monomers

Question 9

3 parts of DNA structure

Answer 9

Phosphate group
Deoxyribose sugar
Organic base (1 of 4)

Question 10

How many sides does deoxyribose sugar have

Answer 10

5

Question 11

4 possible DNA bases

Answer 11

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

Question 12

How are the base , sugar and phosphate group joined together in DNA
Whats released

Answer 12

Condensation reaction

Water

Question 13

Another word for 1 nucleotide

Answer 13

Mononucleotide

Question 14

Another word for 2 nucleotides

What would they be joined by

Answer 14

Dinucleotide

Condensation reaction

Question 15

What’s the bond between mononucleotides called

Answer 15

Phosphodiester bond

Question 16

What parts of mononuclotides does the phosphodiester bond form between

Answer 16

The sugar of 1

Phosphate group of another

Question 17

What’s the phosphate backbone made up of

Answer 17

Alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

Question 18

What polymer is made by joining many mononucleotides in condensation reactions

Answer 18

Polynucleotide

Question 19

What do organic bases form

What do they contain

Answer 19

Complementary base pairs

Nitrogen

Question 20

What does adenine pair with always

Answer 20

Thymine

Question 21

What does cytosine pair with always

Answer 21

Guanine

Question 22

What must the quantities of A + T and C + G be like In a DNA molecule

Answer 22

Equal

Question 23

How many hydrogen bonds do A + T have joining to each other

Answer 23

2

Question 24

How many hydrogen bonds do C + G have joining to each other

Answer 24

3

Question 25

Is A + T or C + G stronger | Why

Answer 25

C + G An extra hydrogen bond They're weak but stronger the more that there are

Question 26

What does the DNA backbone have | Whats formed

Answer 26

2 strands that coil around each other | Forming a double helix

Question 27

How are the 2 strands held in a twist in DNA

Answer 27

By hydrogen bonds that form between base pairs

Question 28

What's DNA the more stable with

Answer 28

The more cytosine + guanine base pairs there are as they have 3 hydrogen bonds

Question 29

How many carbon-nitrogen rings do thymine and cytosine have

Answer 29

Just 1

Question 30

How many carbon-nitrogen rings do adenine and guanine have

Answer 30

2

Question 31

What 2 bases are the biggest | What are they called

Answer 31

Adenine Guanine Purines (longer bases)

Question 32

What are thymine and cytosine also know as

Answer 32

Pyrimidines (shorter bases)

Question 33

Whys a DNA molecule the same width throughout | Why is the good

Answer 33

As a purine base always bonds with a pyrimidine base | So it can coil neatly

Question 34

Whys stability in DNA important

Answer 34

As DNA is used to pass on genetic information through generations so it must be copied without any changes

Question 35

3 ways DNA is stable

Answer 35

Hydrogen bonds between bases Coiling of DNA keeps chemically reactive bases protected in helix Further forces between bases help (base stacking) bonds form between adjacent bases

Question 36

Whats the bond process called that forms between adjacent bases for stability

Answer 36

Base stacking

Question 37

What arrangement is DNA in

Answer 37

Antiparralel arrangement

Question 38

What's antiparallel arrangement

Answer 38

When 1 strand of nucleotide is the right way up with other is upside down

Question 39

What sugar do nucleotides have with carbons numbered 1-5

Answer 39

Pentose

Question 40

What group is on carbon 3 in a nucleotide

Answer 40

Hydroxyl group (OH)

Question 41

What is carbon 5 on a nucleotide attached to

Answer 41

The phosphate group of another nucleotide

Question 42

What are the 3 and 5 carbons often called

Answer 42

3-prime | 5-prime

Question 43

3 points about the left side of the antiparallel arrangement diagram

Answer 43

Top strand is NOT upside down 5-prime at top, 3-prime at bottom Strand runs in direction of 5' -> 3'

Question 44

3 points about the right side of the antiparallel arrangement diagram

Answer 44

Top strand is upside down 3-prime carbon at top, 5-prime at bottom Strand runs in 3' -> 5' direction

Question 45

3 other DNA adaptions

Answer 45

Huge - carries lots of information to each generation Base pairing rules allow DNA to be copied each time accurately and allows information to be transferred (e.g during protein synthesis) DNA coiling into a helix protects the code from chemicals/physical forces outside

Question 46

Why did people used to not think DNA could be the code for life

Answer 46

As it only had 4 bases so was said to be too simple

Question 47

What's RNA made up of like DNA

Answer 47

Nucleotides

Question 48

3 differences between rna and DNA

Answer 48

Its single stranded and quite short Pentose sugar is ribose (not deoxyribose) 4 bases are a, g, c and uracil (not thymine)

Question 49

2 most important types of RNA

Answer 49

mRNA | tRNA

Question 50

What's mRNA | What does it do

Answer 50

Messenger rna Transfers genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes

Question 51

What's tRNA | What's it involved in

Answer 51

Transfer rna | Protein synthesis

Question 52

What does tRNA look like

Answer 52

1 single strand folded to form a clover leaf shape structure

Question 53

What's rRna | what does it make up

Answer 53

Ribosomal rna Makes up ribosomes with protein

Question 54

What's the point in DNA (3)

Answer 54

Designed to control : Protein synthesis Cell division (mitosis and meiosis) Passing on genetic information (inheritance)