3B and 3C

Question 1

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 1

the structure of DNA - Franklin’s X-ray and creation of the Photo of the double-helix structure

Question 2

Watson & Crick

Answer 2

proposed the double helix structure of DNA by building it. stole franklin’s light

Question 3

DNA function

Answer 3

store and transmit genetic information, acting as the blueprint for all living organisms and viruses.

Question 4

Chargaff’s Rules

Answer 4

A=T and G=C

Question 5

DNA structure

Answer 5

a double-stranded molecule with a twisted ladder shape known as a double helix. Dna is a nucleic acid made up of nucleotides

Question 6

bases of DNA vs RNA

Answer 6

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine vs Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

Question 7

Purpose of DNA replication

Answer 7

to produce two identical copies of a DNA molecule,so each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information

Question 8

replication fork

Answer 8

Y-shaped structure formed during DNA replication where the double-stranded DNA helix is separated

Question 9

Topoisomerase

Answer 9

enzymes that unwinds dna BUT DOSENT SEPERATE for helicase to follow

Question 10

DNA helicase

Answer 10

an enzyme that unzips the double-stranded DNA helix, separating the two strands

Question 11

DNA polymerase

Answer 11

enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides

Question 12

DNA ligase

Answer 12

enzymes that fills the junctions between okazaki fragments and primer

Question 13

RNA primer

Answer 13

short stretches of RNA that provide a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin synthesizing a new DNA strand

Question 14

Okazaki fragment

Answer 14

short, newly synthesized DNA sequences on the lagging strand during DNA replication formed by polymerase

Question 15

leading vs lagging strand

Answer 15

the leading strand is synthesized continuously and goes from 3’ to 5’, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short, discontinuous fragments called Okazaki fragments going from 5’ to 3’

Question 16

Similarities and differences between RNA & DNA

Answer 16

DNA is double-stranded, utilizes deoxyribose sugar, and contains thymine, while RNA is single-stranded, uses ribose sugar, and contains uracil instead of thymine

Question 17

mRNA

Answer 17

carries genetic info from nucleus to ribosome

Question 18

Trna

Answer 18

serves as a link between the mRNA and the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein.

Question 19

rRNA

Answer 19

form ribosome and catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

Question 20

intron

Answer 20

non coding sequences that are removed

Question 21

exons

Answer 21

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence.

Question 22

RNA splicing/editing

Answer 22

processes that modify pre RNA transcripts by removing introns. after transcription but still in the nucleus

Question 23

Substitution mutation

Answer 23

change in a single nucleotide base in a DNA sequence. ONLY A GENE/POINT mutation

Question 24

Insertion mutation

Answer 24

one or more nucleotide base pairs are added into the DNA sequence. could result to frameshift.ONLY A GENE/POINT mutation

Question 25

Deletion mutation (gene)

Answer 25

the removal of a portion of the genetic material. could result to frameshift. ONLY A GENE/POINT mutation

Question 26

Gene mutations vs chromosomal mutations

Answer 26

Gene mutations alter the DNA sequence within a single gene, while chromosomal mutations involve changes in the structure or number of chromosomes.

Question 27

promoter

Answer 27

specific DNA sequence that signals the start of a gene's transcription. It acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase and other proteins, initiating the process of copying the gene's information into RNA.

Question 28

Frederick griffith

Answer 28

wanted to know how bacteria causes disease. Injected mice with disease causing bacteria, heat killed bacteria, a mixture of harmless and heat killed, and harmless bacteria. Griffith learned that genetic information (DNA) can be transferred from one bacterial strand to another

Question 29

transformation

Answer 29

the process where a cell takes in new DNA either by scientist or environment

Question 30

Oswald avery

Answer 30

wanted to know which molecule in the heat killed bacteria was most important for transformation. Avery extracted molecules from the heat killed bacteria and combined with enzymes but transformation still occurred. they continued this to realize DNA was the transforming factor NOT PROTEIN. Avery discovered DNA stores and transmits gene info from one generation of bacteria to the next.

Question 31

Hershey Chase

Answer 31

used bacteriophages in order to determine whether genes were made of proteins or DNA. showed that when bacteriophages infect bacteria, their DNA enters the host bacterial cell, but most of their protein does not

Question 32

bacteriophages

Answer 32

type of virus that infects bacteria

Question 33

transcription

Answer 33

In nucleus, segments of Dna template (3' to 5') serve as templates to produce complementary RNA (5' to 3') 1) polymerase binds to promoter and separates DNA 2) polymerase moves along template strand and creates rna 3) Polymerase goes until termination sequence and then detaches

Question 34

template strand

Answer 34

the strand of DNA that is being read to create mRNA

Question 35

deletion (chromosome)

Answer 35

the loss of one or more section from a chromosome. ONLY IN CHROMOSOMAL

Question 36

Duplication

Answer 36

the addition/ duplication of a segment within a chromosome. ONLY IN CHROMOSOMAL

Question 37

inversion

Answer 37

The swap of two segments within a chromosome. (they switch places) ONLY IN CHROMOSOMAL

Question 38

translocation

Answer 38

a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome, or where pieces from two different chromosomes swap places. ONLY IN CHROMOSOMAL.