Unit 2B

Question 1

photosynthesis

Answer 1

plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars, using carbon dioxide and water, and releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

Question 2

ATP

Answer 2

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that stores and releases energy in cells by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate group

Question 3

ADP

Answer 3

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a molecule essential for energy transfer and storage in cells, formed from ATP by losing a phosphate group

Question 4

Chloroplast

Answer 4

a type of organelle that is the site of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy

Question 5

granum

Answer 5

Stack of thylakoids

Question 6

lumen

Answer 6

Center of the thylakoid

Question 6

stroma

Answer 6

the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids within a chloroplast, important for the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis

Question 7

thylakoid

Answer 7

a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria where light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur, containing chlorophyll for light absorption

Question 8

outer membrane

Answer 8

smooth, phospholipid bilayer that forms the outermost boundary of the organelle, separating it from the cytoplasm and freely permeable to small molecules

Question 9

inner membrane

Answer 9

the membrane which separates the chloroplast stroma from the intermembrane space.

Question 10

heterotroph

Answer 10

an organism that cannot produce its own food and instead obtains nutrients and energy by consuming other organisms or organic matter.

Question 11

autotroph

Answer 11

an organism that can produce its own food from inorganic sources like sunlight or chemicals,

Question 12

electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 12

the entire range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation extending from gamma rays to the longest radio waves and including visible light.

Question 13

wavelength vs frequency

Answer 13

Wavelength is the distance from one point on a wave to the same point on the next wave. Frequency is the number of waves that pass through a point in a second.

Question 14

pigments

Answer 14

absorb specific wavelengths of light, initiating photosynthesis by capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy

Question 15

Light - dependent reaction

Answer 15

the initial stage of photosynthesis that occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where light energy is absorbed and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, ultimately leading to the splitting of water and the release of oxygen

Question 16

calvin cycle

Answer 16

carbon dioxide from the air into sugar (see diagrams)

Question 17

NADP+

Answer 17

a coenzyme that acts as an electron carrier

Question 18

NADPH

Answer 18

NADPH is a product of the first level of photosynthesis. Carries electron energy

Question 19

RUBP

Answer 19

a 5 carbon compound involved in the Calvin cycle, which is part of the light independent reactions of photosynthesis

Question 20

PGA

Answer 20

a 3-carbon molecule, an intermediate in Calvin cycle, playing a key role in carbon fixation and energy metabolism

Question 21

G3P (PGAL)

Answer 21

High energy PGA molecules

Question 22

Rubisco

Answer 22

responsible for carbon fixation during photosynthesis.

Question 23

CAM plant

Answer 23

a plant that has evolved a specialized photosynthetic pathway, allowing them to fix carbon dioxide at night and store it as organic acids (malate), releasing it for use in the Calvin cycle during the day to minimize water loss in arid environments

Question 24

C4 plant

Answer 24

utilizes a specialized photosynthetic pathway, the C4 cycle, to efficiently fix carbon dioxide in environments with high temperatures and low atmospheric CO2, resulting in a four-carbon compound as the first product of CO2 fixation

Question 25

Chemiosmosis

Answer 25

the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient, primarily used in the production of ATP during cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Question 26

carbon cycle

Answer 26

travel from the atmosphere into organisms in the Earth and then back into the atmosphere over and over again.

Question 27

independent variable

Answer 27

what's manipulated or changed

Question 28

dependent variable

Answer 28

what's measured

Question 29

control variable

Answer 29

kept constant to ensure accurate result

Question 30

balanced photosynthesis equation

Answer 30

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂