Unit 2C

Question 1

cellular respiration

Answer 1

the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water

Question 2

ATP

Answer 2

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 3

ADP

Answer 3

adenosine diphosphate

Question 4

glycolysis

Answer 4

Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O.

Question 5

Pyruvate conversion

Answer 5

converts pyruvate—a three-carbon molecule—into acetyl ‍ —a two-carbon molecule attached to Coenzyme A—producing an ‍ and releasing one carbon dioxide molecule in the process

Question 6

Krebs cycle

Answer 6

Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is used to make carbon dioxide, NADH, ATP, and FADH2. Because glycolysis produces 2 molecules of pyruvic acid from each glucose molecule, the Krebs cycle “turns” twice for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis.

Question 7

electron transport chain

Answer 7

The electron transport chain uses high-energy electrons transported by the carrier molecules NADH from both the Krebs cycle and glycolysis, and FADH2 from the Krebs cycle, to convert ADP into ATP.

Question 8

aerobic respiration

Answer 8

Cellular respiration that requires O2

Question 9

anaerobic respiration

Answer 9

Cellular respiration that DOES NOT requires O2

Question 10

alcohol fermentation

Answer 10

Pyruvic acid + NADH —-> Alcohol + C02 + NAD+

Question 11

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 11

Pyruvic acid + NADH —-> Lactic acid + NAD+

Question 12

Lactic acid

Answer 12

Byproduct of lactic acid fermentation, causes muscle soreness

Question 13

calorie

Answer 13

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of I gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

Question 14

NAD+

Answer 14

Empty electron carrier

Question 15

NADH

Answer 15

Full electron carrier

Question 16

Pyruvic acid

Answer 16

produced at the end of glycolysis and then plays a vital role in linking glycolysis to the next stages of aerobic respiration, either through oxidation to acetyl-CoA or fermentation in the absence of oxygen

Question 17

mitochondria structure

Answer 17

Outer membrane, inner membrane space, inner membrane, and matrix

Question 18

FADH2

Answer 18

crucial coenzyme in cellular respiration, generated during the Krebs cycle and used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP.

Question 19

H+ ions

Answer 19

crucial for ATP production through the electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis

Question 20

ATP synthase

Answer 20

enzyme that synthesizes ATP, the cell’s primary energy currency, by utilizing the energy from a proton gradient across a membrane, a process known as chemiosmosis

Question 21

Acetyl-CoA

Answer 21

Acetyl CoA is a molecule that is further converted to oxaloacetate, which enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

Question 22

CoA

Answer 22

Enzyme that facilitates the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA

Question 23

Krebs cycle

Answer 23

series of chemical reactions that breaks down molecules (like glucose, fats, and proteins) to release energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2, which are then used to generate more ATP

Question 24

citric acid

Answer 24

captures the energy stored in the chemical bonds of acetyl CoA

Question 25

phosphate group

Answer 25

a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atom

Question 26

cristae

Answer 26

the folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 27

CO2

Answer 27

carbon dioxide

Question 28

glycogen

Answer 28

Glycogen, the storage form of glucose, plays a crucial role in cellular respiration by serving as a readily available source of glucose when blood sugar levels drop, fueling the process that generates energy in the form of ATP

Question 29

matrix

Answer 29

the space enclosed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

Question 30

oxidation

Answer 30

the process where molecules like glucose lose electrons

Question 31

reduction

Answer 31

the gain of electrons, specifically when molecules like NAD+ and FAD become NADH and FADH2

Question 32

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 32

the final stage of cellular respiration, where the energy from the electron transport chain (ETC) is used to generate ATP, the cell's primary energy currency, through a process called chemiosmosis

Question 33

chemiosmosis

Answer 33

the movement of ions, particularly hydrogen ions (protons), across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient,

Question 34

Oxaloacetic acid

Answer 34

it combines with acetyl-CoA to form citrate, initiating the Krebs cycle

Question 35

cytosol

Answer 35

Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol