unit 2a Flashcards
(35 cards)
cell theory
all living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of function and structure in living organisms, and all cells are made from pre existing cells
Scanning electron microscope
Scanning electron microscopes (SEM) scans a focused electron beam across the surface of a sample, generating a 3D image of the surface topography and composition
Prokaryotes
organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles. bacteria and archaea
eukaryote
have a nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane and form large and complex organisms
lysosomes
small organelles filled with enzymes. They break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. They are also involved in breaking down organelles that have outlived their usefulness. (cleanup crew)
nucleus
The nucleus contains the cell’s DNA and the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules. Control center of the cell. DNA is packaged into chromosomes
Golgi Apparatus
In eukaryotic cells, proteins produced in the rough ER move next into an organelle called the Golgi apparatus, which modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage in the cell or release outside the cell. (WAREHOUSE)
endoplasmic reticulum
ROUGH ER : forms ptoteins and transports them
SMOOTH ER: detoxifys and other things
Mitochondria
convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. ATP
cell membrane
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell. made up of lipid bilayer
cell wall
Strong supporting layer around the membrane (ONLY IN PLANTI)
vacuoles
Store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. In plant cells, there is a single, large central vacuole filled with liquid. In animal cells, there are multiple, smaller vacuoles that hold waste materials.
ribosomes
assembles proteins
nucleolus
where the assembly of ribosomes begins
cytoplasm
portion of cell outside nucleus
chloroplast
Chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight/ and convert it into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.
diffusion
the net movement of anything generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (SMALL PARTICLES)
osmosis
the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane.
active transport
The movement of materials against a concentration difference. Active transport requires energy.
facilitated diffusion
The process in which molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels that are always open (PASSIVE TRANSPORT)
pinocytosis
type of endocytosis - a process by which the cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecule
endocytosis
the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane.
exocytosis
the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.
protein pumps
against a concentration gradient - pumps molecules in and out of the cell (ACTIVE TRANSPORT)
