Unit 2D

Question 1

Cell Cycle

Answer 1

G1 - grows, S - dna replicates, G2 - double checks and fixes dna, - M - mitosis, Cytokinesis - separation

Question 2

mitosis

Answer 2

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, and cytokinesis

Question 3

cytokinesis

Answer 3

Cell’s membrane and cytoplasm separates

Question 4

Asexual vs. sexual reproduction

Answer 4

Asexual reproduction generates offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent. In sexual reproduction, two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring.

Question 5

chromosome

Answer 5

made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 6

chromatin

Answer 6

a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes LOOSE SQUIGGLES

Question 7

chromatid

Answer 7

half of a copied chromosome

Question 8

centriole

Answer 8

paired organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope. Release spindle fibers

Question 9

centromere

Answer 9

the region where the cell’s spindle fibers attach. center of chromosome

Question 10

telomere

Answer 10

a region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome

Question 11

spindle fibers

Answer 11

a network of filaments that are formed during the cell division process. They help in the movement of chromosomes

Question 12

microfibrils

Answer 12

elongated structures in plant cell walls composed of cellulose chains

Question 13

microtubules

Answer 13

A narrow, hollow tube-like structure found in the cytoplasm (the fluid inside a cell) of plant and animal cells

Question 14

Cell differentiation

Answer 14

the process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function

Question 15

stem cell

Answer 15

unspecialized cells that have not yet “decided” what type of adult cell they will be

Question 16

specialized cell

Answer 16

it has unique structures that allow it to carry out its function in the body

Question 17

kinetochore

Answer 17

a large protein complex that forms on a specific part of a chromosome called the centromere

Question 18

cyclin

Answer 18

proteins that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle - made throughout the cycle

Question 19

Karyotype

Answer 19

an individual’s complete set of chromosomes

Question 20

Binary fission

Answer 20

asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies

Question 21

cell plate

Answer 21

a structure that forms when the cytoplasm of a plant cell divides

Question 22

histones

Answer 22

compacts with dna to form nucleosome - which is then coiled into chromatin

Question 23

order from dna to chromosome

Answer 23

dna, nucleosome, coil, supercoil (chromatin), chromosome

Question 24

p53

Answer 24

gene cluster that codes for the cyclin

Question 25

surface area to volume ratio

Answer 25

volume increases faster

Question 26

cyclin proteins

Answer 26

proteins that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases

Question 27

Growth Factors

Answer 27

signaling proteins that regulate cell growth, division, and differentiation

Question 28

Benign

Answer 28

a non-cancerous growth that, unlike malignant tumors, doesn't invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the bod

Question 29

malignant

Answer 29

uncontrolled cell growth and the ability to invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the bod

Question 30

metastasis

Answer 30

the spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another

Question 31

radiation therapy

Answer 31

Use of high-energy rays to damage and kill cancer cells.

Question 32

chemotherapy

Answer 32

Administration of drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells.