4. Diversity of cells and their function

Question 1

what are the 4 basic tissue types

Answer 1

epithelium
nervous
connective
muscle

Question 2

describe the common features of epithelia

Answer 2

form sheets of cells
cover surfaces, line body cavities
form many glands
At their basal surface they have a layer of ECM components called the basal lamina (basement membrane)

Question 3

in epithelial cells the top and bottom go by different names. can you name them.

Answer 3

apical - top
basal - bottom

Question 4

In epithelial cells, They all have at their basal surface, a layer of extracellular matrix components, called a …..

Answer 4

basal lamina (basement membrane)

Question 5

what are some of the functions of epithelia

Answer 5

• barrier
• locomotion
• secretion
• containment
• sensation
• absorption

Question 6

how do we classify epithelia

Answer 6

by shape
number of layers
cell surface specializations
presence of specialised cell types

Question 7

what shapes of epithelial cells can you get

Answer 7

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Question 8

what layers of epithelial cells can you get

Answer 8

simple, stratified and pseudostratified

Question 9

what kinds of cell surface specializations of epithelial cells can you get

Answer 9

prominent microvilli
cilia
keratin proteins

Question 10

what kind of specialized cells can be present on epithelial cells can you get

Answer 10

goblet cells

Question 11

Glandular epithelia produce secretory products like….

Answer 11

sweat, milk, oil, hormones, mucous, enzymes and others.

Question 12

what are the 2 types of glands

Answer 12

endocrine
exocrine

Question 13

endocrine= ducted or ductless
exocrine= ducted or ductless

Answer 13

endocrine= ductless (towards basal end)
exocrine= ducted (away from basal end)

Question 14

what does connective tissue do

Answer 14

Connective tissue forms the framework of the body, but beyond that it has a dynamic role in the development, growth and homeostasis of tissues, and, via fat, in energy storage

Question 15

what is soft connective tissue

Answer 15

tendons, ligaments, mesentery, stroma of organs, dermis of skin

Question 16

what is hard connective tissue

Answer 16

bone and cartilage

Question 17

name the 3 types of connective tissue

Answer 17

blood and lymph
hard connective tissue
soft connective tissue

Question 18

what is connective tissue made up of

Answer 18

extracellular matrix
and
cells

Question 19

what does the extracellular matrix consist of

Answer 19

fibres, ground substance, tissue fluid

Question 20

what fibres are in the ECM

Answer 20

elastic
reticular
collagen

Question 21

what is ground substance in respect to connective tissue

Answer 21

a space occupying material made of GAGS (glycosaminoglycans) and glycoproteins

Question 22

what cells are in connective tissue along side the ECM

Answer 22

fibroblasts
adipose cells
osteocytes
chondrocytes

Question 23

what are fibroblasts

Answer 23

widely distributed cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix.

Question 24

what are adipose cells

Answer 24

fat cells, found scattered in many connective tissues, but predominant cell in adipose tissue (fat)

Question 25

what are osteocytes

Answer 25

cells of bone

Question 26

what are chondrocytes

Answer 26

cells of cartilage

Question 27

name the 3 types of soft connective tissue

Answer 27

loose, dense regular and dense irregular

Question 28

Can be dense regular CT if the fibres are ........(e.g. ........) or dense irregular CT if the fibre bundles run in ...... direction(s) (e.g. .....of the skin).

Answer 28

aligned eg tendon Many directions eg dermis of the skin

Question 29

name 2 types of hard connective tissue

Answer 29

bone and cartilage

Question 30

what are the 3 types of cartilage

Answer 30

elastic hyaline fibrocartilage

Question 31

cartilage is Vascular or avascular

Answer 31

avascular receives nutrients from adjacent tissues by diffusion through its matrix.

Question 32

what is the most common type of cartilage

Answer 32

hyaline

Question 33

where can you fine hyaline cartilage

Answer 33

epiphyseal growth plates, tracheal rings, costal cartilage, articular surfaces

Question 34

what are the 2 types of bone

Answer 34

cortical bone and cancellous or trabecular bone

Question 35

describe cortical bone

Answer 35

outer shell of dense bone makes up the shaft (diaphysis)

Question 36

describe cancellous bone

Answer 36

fine meshwork of bone that looks a bit like an aero bar

Question 37

note that bone is a living tissue and is penetrated by small canals called?

Answer 37

Haversian canals

Question 38

name the 3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 38

smooth cardiac skeletal

Question 39

describe muscle

Answer 39

* Muscle cells are specialized to generate force by contracting. * There are three major kinds within the body * All cells contain some contractile fibres in their cytoskeleton, but in muscle cells the cytoplasm is packed with these fibres and the cells are highly specialized for the production of contractile force. * Force is produced by the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres, with the aid of a number of accessory proteins.

Question 40

describe smooth muscle

Answer 40

involuntary and visceral structurally simple not under conscious control visceral because its predominantly found in organs smooth because no striations

Question 41

describe skeletal muscle

Answer 41

voluntary and striated muscle conscious control giant elongated multinucleated cylindrical cell

Question 42

in skeletal muscle each fibre has many nuclei that are elongated and located at the periphery of the cell, just internal to the membrane, which in muscle cells is called the ....?

Answer 42

sarcolemma

Question 43

describe cardiac muscle

Answer 43

has striations with intercalated discs single nucleus located near the centre of the fibre in walls of heart involuntary

Question 44

what is nervous tissue made up from

Answer 44

neurons and their supporting cells (glia)

Question 45

neurons and their supporting cells (glia) are surrounded by a protective coat which differs in name depending on CNS or PNS?

Answer 45

meninges - CNS epineurium - PNS

Question 46

what are the 3 types of neuron shape

Answer 46

Multipolar Bipolar Pseudounipolar

Question 47

describe mulitpolar neurons

Answer 47

most common many dendrites one axon

Question 48

describe bipolar neurons

Answer 48

one dendrite one axon

Question 49

describe pseudounipolar neurons

Answer 49

short process gives rise to axons in both directions

Question 50

name the 3 Glia cells in CNS

Answer 50

astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia

Question 51

what do astrocytes do

Answer 51

support ion transport induce Brain Blood Barrier

Question 52

what do oligodendrocytes do

Answer 52

produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord

Question 53

what do microglia do

Answer 53

provide immune surveillance

Question 54

what is the glial cell of the PNS an what does it do

Answer 54

schwann cell - produces myelin and supports axons