68. Anatomy - structure and function of the nervous system Flashcards
1
Q
what do nerves do
A
- allow us to sense our environment - sensory functions and special senses
- allow us to respond to the environment aka voluntary - skeletal muscle movement and involuntary - cardiac muscle
- reflex function
2
Q
what is the split in terms of the nervous system
A
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
3
Q
CNS contains….
A
brain
spinal cord
central controller
4
Q
PNS contains
A
all other nerve tissue not within the CNS aka
Spinal, Cranial and autonomic nerves
5
Q
name the parts of a neuron
A
dendrites
body
axon
myelin sheath
6
Q
the collective name of nerve cell bodies differs in CNS vs PNS. what are the terms
A
CNS- nucleus
PNS- ganglion
7
Q
what are nerves
A
bundles of axons (nerve fibres) wrapped in connective tissue
8
Q
what are the 6 modalities
A
- Somatic sensory function
- Somatic motor function
- Special sensory function
- Visceral afferent function
- Sympathetic function
-Parasympathetic function
9
Q
Describe MOTOR and SENSORY
A
Motor (efferent): Action potential towards body wall, body cavity or organ
Sensory (afferent): Action potential towards brain
10
Q
how many lobes of each cerebral hemisphere
A
4
11
Q
name the 4 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere
A
occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal
12
Q
what is the outermost layer of the brain called
A
Cerebral cortex
13
Q
the cortex has many folds. What are the grooves called
A
sulci (sing. sulcus)
14
Q
the cortex has many folds. What are the raised parts called
A
gyri (sing. gyrus)
15
Q
how many cranial nerves are there
A
12 pairs
16
Q
what is the way to remember cranial nerves
A
Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet AH
17
Q
name the three Oh Oh Ohs
A
- Olfactory 2.Optic 3. Oculomotor
18
Q
name - To Touch And Feel
A
- Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducent 7. Facial
19
Q
name - Very Good Velvet
A
- Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10.Vagus
20
Q
name the AH
A
11.spinal Accessory nerve 12.Hypoglossal Nerve
21
Q
name the 3 cranial fossae
A
Anterior, Middle, Posterior
22
Q
name the CN1 foraminae
A
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
23
Q
name the CN2 foraminae
A
Optic canal
24
Q
CN III, IV, V1, VI foraminae?
A
Superior Orbital fissure
25
CN V2 foraminae?
foramen rotundum
26
CN V3 foraminae?
foramen ovale
27
CN VII, VIII foraminae?
internal acoustic meatus
28
CN IX, X, XI foraminae?
Jugular Foramen
29
CN XII foraminae?
Hypoglossal canal
30
what is the foramen at the base of the skull connecting the spinal cord
foramen magnum
31
how many segments of the spinal cord
4
32
name the segments of the spinal cord
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral/coccygeal
33
spinal cord is protected by what
vertebral canal
34
where are the 2 enlargements in the spinal cord
cervical
lumbosacral
35
name how many of each on the spinal cord eg C1-C? and T1-T?
8 cervical - C1-C8
12 thoracic - T1-T12
5 lumbar - L1-L5
5 sacral - S1-S5
1 coccygeal - Co
36
where does the spinal cord end and what is that called
L1/L2 IV disc level - CONUS MEDULLARIS
37
which is longer. the spinal cord or rhe vertebral column
vertebral column
38
lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots have to descend in the vertebral canal to their respective intervertebral foraminae this is called
cauda equina (horse’s tail)
39
Spinal nerves are named according to the vertebrae ....... it
except in the cervical region, where they are named according to the vertebrae .........it
for example...
above....below
C8 spinal nerve exits between C7 and T1 vertebrae
40
spinal nerves supply the....
soma (body wall)
41
spinal nerves are located only within the....
intervertebral foramina
42
From the intervertebral foramina they connect with
-structures of the soma via rami
-the spinal cord via roots and rootlets
43
where is the only place a spinal nerve is found
in the intervertebral foramina
44
rootlets attach to the
spinal chord
45
rami attach to the
soma
46
sensory axons travel anteriorly or posteriorly on the roots
posteriorly
47
Motor axons travel anteriorly or posteriorly on the roots
anteriorly
48
anterior rami supplies which parts of the body
-supply the remainder of the posterior part, the lateral and the anterior parts of the strips
-supply all of the limbs
49
what is a dermatome
area (strip) of skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior rami of a spinal nerv
50
which dermatome contains the nipple
T4
51
which dermatome contains the umbilicus (belly button)
T10
52
what is a nerve plexus
A plexus is a network of intersecting nerves (intertwining of the nerve fibers of anterior rami)
53
what is in the somatic nervous system
- Soma includes
○ head and neck walls
○ chest walls
○ Back
○ the diaphragm
○ abdominal wall
○ pelvic wall
○ limbs
- Structures
○ Skin
○ Fascia
○ skeletal muscle
○ Skeleton
○ internal lining of body
cavities
54
what is proprioception
your body's ability to know where it is in a space
54
Somatic Sensation - Sensations felt by body wall include:
coarse touch
fine touch
vibration
proprioception
temperature
pain
55
coarse touch
fine touch
vibration
proprioception are all sensed by
mechanoreceptors
56
temperature is sensed by
thermoreceptors
57
pain is sensed by
nociceptors
58
reflexes are
rapid
59
reflexes are voluntary/Involuntary
Involuntary
60
do reflexes exclude anything in the normal pathway?
misses out pathway to brain
61
what are the 2 functional subdivisions of the PNS
somatic and autonomic
62
62
62
62
what is in the autonomic nervous system
- Viscera i.e. heart, lungs, kidneys
- Glands (mucous etc)
- Smooth and cardiac muscle
- External lining of organs
- Internal organs in body cavities
i.e. chest cavity, pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity
- Body wall organs
i.e. sweat glands, arrector smooth muscles, arterioles
63
autonomic NS senses the internal environment aka organs. Their organ sensory nerves are called
visceral afferent
64
what sensations are from organs to the CNS
touch, temperature and pain
65
what can types of pain detected by the ANS
Ischaemic and colicky
66
what does Ischaemic mean
when there is a reduction in blood flow to tissues.
Sudden abdominal pain or cramping, Bloody stools, Diarrhea, Nausea
67
what is colicky pain
Colicky pain is characterized by intermittent, cramping pain that comes and goes.
It is often associated with conditions that cause spasms in the hollow organs of the body. Sharp and intense
68
Visceral pain is described as
dull, achy, nauseating and poorly localised
69
Motor neurons in the ANS respond to changes from where
internal environment
70
Many internal organs have sympathetic/parasympathetic/ both nerve supply???
both
dual motor control
Both motor controls
‘Accelerator’ or ‘brake’
71
Sympathetic Outflow
Passes down spinal cord
Exits spinal cord with '...........' spinal nerves
Travel to '..........' running the length of vertebral column
Pass into ? spinal nerves
Anterior or posterior rami
To supply body wall structures
They ‘Hitch a ride’ with .........to all head and neck organs and skin
Travel via ........ to reach organs
T1-L2
Sympathetic chains
Both
arteries
splanchnic nerves
72
during sympathetic outflow impulses exits spinal cord with '...........' spinal nerves
T1-L2
73
During sympathetic outflow
impulses Pass down spinal cord
Exits spinal cord with T1-L2 spinal nerves
Travel to '..........' running the length of vertebral column
sympathetic chains
74
Sympathetic Outflow
Passes down spinal cord
Exits spinal cord with 'T1-L2' spinal nerves
Travel to 'Sympathetic chains' running the length of vertebral column
Pass into Anterior or posterior rami ? spinal nerves
both
75
Sympathetic Outflow
Passes down spinal cord
Exits spinal cord with 'T1-L2 spinal nerves
Travel to 'Sympathetic chains' running the length of vertebral column
Pass into both Anterior and posterior rami spinal nerves
To supply body wall structures
They ‘Hitch a ride’ with arteries to all head and neck organs and skin
Travel via ........ to reach organs
splanchnic nerves
76
which segments of the spinal cord have lateral horns
only T1-L2
77
All parasympathetic axons leave the CNS via which cranial nerves
III, VII, IX & X and via sacral spinal nerves
