Biochemistry and Metabolism: Iris and Ciliary Body

Question 0

carbonic anhydrase II

Answer 0

molecular engine of aqueous production

Question 1

1/500

Answer 1

protein content of the aqueous relative to that of blood plasma

Question 2

ciliary NPE

Answer 2

principal histological source of aqueous production

Question 3

active secretion

Answer 3

which seems to be more important in the production of aqueous, active or passive secretion

Question 4

2

Answer 4

rate of aqueous production in humans (in microliters per minute)

Question 5

prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

Answer 5

three types of eicosanoids

Question 6

miosis, increased IOP, cell, flare

Answer 6

four effects of prostaglandins of the E and F families when introduced into the aqueous

Question 7

PGG2, PGH2

Answer 7

two endoperoxide intermediates in the synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxane

Question 8

flurbiprofen (Ocufen), suprofen (Profenal)

Answer 8

two drops used preoperatively in the prevention of prostaglandin-induced miosis

Question 9

G-protein-linked

Answer 9

prostaglandins act via this type of receptor

Question 10

substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide

Answer 10

sensory nerves of the iris use neurotransmitters including these (two)

Question 11

dapiprazole

Answer 11

selective alpha-1 blocking agent used to reverse pharmacologic dilation

Question 12

IP3

Answer 12

intracellular mediator of iris sphincter contraction

Question 13

cAMP

Answer 13

intracellular mediator of iris sphincter relaxation

Question 14

beta-adrenergic agonists, alpha2-adrenergic agonists (Combigan)

Answer 14

two classes of glaucoma drugs that act through receptors to decrease aqueous humor production; name the combo drug

Question 15

miotics, adrenergic agonists

Answer 15

two classes of glaucoma drugs that act through receptors to increase trabecular outflow

Question 16

prostaglandins, alpha-adrenergic agonists

Answer 16

two classes of glaucoma drugs that act through receptors to increase uveoscleral outflow

Question 17

NPE (just like the retina is tight but the choroid is leaky!)

Answer 17

which cell layer of the ciliary body forms the blood-aqueous barrier: the NPE or the PE?

Question 18

zonulae occludentes

Answer 18

connect neighboring NPE cells

Question 19

gap junctions

Answer 19

connect NPE to PE cells

Question 20

bicarbonate

Answer 20

main buffer of the aqueous

Question 21

higher

Answer 21

lactate concentration relative to plasma: higher, similar, lower

Question 22

ascorbic acid

Answer 22

this organic anion is present at levels 10-50 times greater in the aqueous than in the blood

Question 23

facilitated diffusion

Answer 23

mode of transport of glucose into the aqueous: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

Question 24

inositol

Answer 24

this carbohydrate, important for phospholipid synthesis is found in the aqueous at levels 10 times that of the plasma

Question 25

reducing vitamin C, removing hydrogen peroxide

Answer 25

two ways glutathione stabilizes the redox state of the aqueous

Question 26

mannitol, urea

Answer 26

two compounds that enter the aqueous via simple diffusion

Question 27

cathepsin D, cathepsin O

Answer 27

two proteinases secreted by the ciliary epithelium

Question 28

alpha2-macroglobulin, alpha1-antitrypsin

Answer 28

two proteinase inhibitors secreted by the ciliary epithelium

Question 29

hyaluronidase, carbonic anhydrase, lysozyme

Answer 29

three enzymes found in the aqueous that actually perform a role

Question 30

IGFBP

Answer 30

growth factor protein elevated in the aqueous of diabetics without retinopathy

Question 31

IGF-1

Answer 31

growth factor protein elevated in the aqueous of diabetics WITH retinopathy

Question 32

VEGF-1

Answer 32

member of the VEGF family that is activated by hypoxia

Question 33

VEGFR2

Answer 33

VEGF receptor that mediates the mitogenic, angiogenic, and vascular permeability effects of VEGF-1

Question 34

7.5-7.6

Answer 34

pH range of the aqueous