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anp402 > Lab 1: Anatomical Terminology, General Osteology, and General Arthrology > Flashcards

Lab 1: Anatomical Terminology, General Osteology, and General Arthrology Flashcards

1
Q

median sagittal

A

a vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body

- dividing it into equal left and right halves

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2
Q

sagittal

A

any vertical plane parallel to the median sagitall plane (= parasagittal plane)

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3
Q

coronal (frontal)

A

any vertical plane perpendicular to the sagittal

- divides body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

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4
Q

transverse

A

(w/ reference to head, neck, and trunk) any horizontal plane
- divides body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions

(w/ reference to limbs) any plane perpendicular to the long axis of the element

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5
Q

longitudinal

A

any plane that sections an element parallel to its long axis

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6
Q

planes of section

A 
median sagittal
sagittal
coronal
transverse
longitudinal
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7
Q

terms of direction

A 
superior (cranial)
inferior (caudal)
anterior (ventral)
posterior (dorsal)
medial
lateral
proximal
distal
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8
Q

superior (cranial)

A

refers to 1 structure being above or closer to the head than another

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9
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

refers to one structure being below or closer to the feet or tail bone (coccyx) than another

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10
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

refers to one structure being in front of another

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11
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

refers to one structure being behind another

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12
Q

medial

A

refers to one structure being closer to the median sagittal plane than another

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13
Q

lateral

A

refers to one structure being farther away from the median sagittal plane than another

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14
Q

proximal

A

refers to a structure of the upper limb or lower limb that is closer to the root (attachment) of the limb than another

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15
Q

distal

A

refers to a structure of the upper limb or lower limb that is farther away from the root (attachment) of the limb than another

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16
Q

palmar

A

the ventral surface (palm) of the hand or fingers

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17
Q

dorsal

A

the dorsal surface (back) of the hand or fingers

OR

the dorsal surface (back) of the foot or toes

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18
Q

plantar

A

the ventral surface (bottom or sole) of the foot or toes

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19
Q

specific terms: hands and feet

A

palmar
dorsal
plantar

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20
Q

specific terms: teeth

A 
mesial
distal
lingual
buccal
occlusal
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21
Q

mesial

A

toward the anterior midline (ie. the midpoint btwn the 2 central incisor teeth) of the dental arch

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22
Q

distal

A

away from the anterior midline of the dental arch

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23
Q

lingual

A

toward the tongue (in reference to all teeth)

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24
Q

buccal

A

toward the cheek (in reference to the premolars and molars)

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25
Q

occlusal

A

the shewing surface that contracts the teeth in the other jaw (in reference to the premolars and molars)

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26
Q

superficial (external)

A

refers to on structure being closer to the outside (exterior) surface than another

more superficial = closer to external environment

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27
Q

deep (infernal)

A

refers to on structure being closer to the center (middle) of the head, trunk, or limbs than another

deeper = closer to the center

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28
Q

terms of movement

A 
flexion / extension
abduction / adduction
rotation
pronation / supination
eversion / inversion
plantarflexion / dorsiflexion
circumduction
opposition
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29
Q

flexion

A

movement that decreases the angle between two parts

- usually a movement to a more anterior location from anatomical position

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30
Q

extension

A

movement that increases the angle between two parts

- usually a movement to a more posterior location from anatomical location

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31
Q

abduction

A

movement of an appendage away from median sagittal plane

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32
Q

adduction

A

movement of an appendage toward median sagittal plane

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33
Q

rotation

A

movement that occurs around a central axis of a body part

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34
Q

pronation

A

rotary movement of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly (in extension) or inferiorly (in flexion)

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35
Q

supination

A

rotary movement of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly (in extension) or superiorly (in flexion)

36
Q

eversion

A

turning sole of the foot outward to face away from midline

37
Q

inversion

A

turning sole of foot inward to face toward midline

38
Q

plantarflexion

A

movement of the foot at the ankle so that the ball of the foot moves inferiorly, as when you stand on your toes

39
Q

dorsiflexion

A

movement of the foot at the ankle so that the ball of the foot moves superiorly, as when you stand on your heels

40
Q

circumduction

A

movement of an appendage in a circular or cone-shaped path

- involves abduction/adduction and flexion/extension

41
Q

opposition

A

movement of the thumb to touch a fingertip

- involves abduction/adduction, flexion, an dmedial rotation of the thumb

42
Q

general osteology

A

compact bone
cancellous (spongy) bone

trabecculae
periosteum

osteons
Haversian Canal
nutrient artery

diaphysis
medullary (marrow) cavity
epiphysis
metaphysis
epiphyseal (growth) plate
43
Q

types of bone tissue

A

1) compact bone

2) cancellous (spongy) bone

44
Q

trabeculae

A

struts of bone that project toward the marrow cavity from the compact bone
- higher density near proximal and distal ends of long bones

45
Q

periosteum

A

external layers of connective tissue surrounding bone

- tendons connect to this

46
Q

endosteum

A

a connective tissue on surface of the bone that borders the marrow cavity

47
Q

Haversian Canal

A

located at the center of each osteon

  • carries nerves and blood vessels
  • tend to run longitudinally

(aka) central canals

48
Q

nutrient artery

A

large vessel that supply many bones (especially those of the arm, forearm, thigh, and leg)
- enters the bone through the nutrient foramen

49
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft of a long bone

*long part of long bones

50
Q

medullary (marrow) cavity

A

cavity in diaphysis that is filled w/ fatty yellow marrow

51
Q

epiphysis

A

the end portion of a long bone

- has a separate ossification center

52
Q

metaphysis

A

that portion of a mature bone

- sandwich btwn diaphysis and epiphysis

53
Q

division of the skeleton

A

axial skeleton

appendicular skeleton

54
Q

axial skeleton

A

made up of:

  • skull
  • vertebral column (including the sacrum and coccyx), hyoid bone
  • thoracic cage (including the ribs, costal cartilages, manubrium and sternum)
55
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

made up of:

  • pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
  • upper limb bones
  • pelvic girdle (os coxae)
  • lower limb bones
56
Q

common osteological terms

A

diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis

tuberosity
tubercle
trochanter
process

articular surface
facet
condyle
epicondyle

head
neck

fossa
foramen
sulcus

57
Q

tuberosity

A

a large eminence

58
Q

tubercle

A

a small eminence

59
Q

trochanter

A

a large, very prominent eminence

60
Q

process

A

a bony prominence

61
Q

articular surface

A

a joint surface

62
Q

facet

A

a small articular surface

63
Q

condyle

A

a rounded articular surface

64
Q

epicondyle

A

a nonarticular projection next to a condyle

65
Q

head

A

a large, rounded end of a bone

66
Q

neck

A

the part btwn the head and diaphysis

- usually hay separate surgical and anatomical necks

67
Q

fossa

A

a shallow despression

68
Q

foramen

A

a hole

- a neurovascular opening

69
Q

sulcus

A

a long, broad groove

70
Q

ossification

A

process of replacing cartilage cells by bone

- occurs on metaphysal side of the growth plate

71
Q

types of joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

72
Q

fibrous joints

A

connects bones by fibrous connective tissue

- synarthrosis

73
Q

types of fibrous joints

A

suture
gomphoses
syndesmoses

74
Q

suture

A

bones connected by a dense layer of fibrous tissue that binds to the periosteum of each element

(ie) skull

75
Q

syndesmosis

A

bones connected by short collagenous interosseous ligaments

(ie) shafts of radius/ulna and tibia/fibia

76
Q

gomphoses

A

joint btwn the teeth and bones of the face (maxilla and mandible)

77
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

connects bones by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

78
Q

types of cartilaginous joints

A

symphyses

synchondrosis

79
Q

synchondrosis

A

bones connected by a plate of hyaline cartilage

(ie) btwn metaphysis and epiphysis of a growing bone

80
Q

symphyses

A

bones connect by a pad of fibrocartilage
- limited amount of movement

(ie) pubic symphyses of the pelvis
(ie) intervertebral discs

81
Q

articular cartilage

A

a layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of the adjacent bones

82
Q

joint capsule

A

the enclosed space between the articular surfaces and the spaces btwn them

83
Q

capsular ligament

A

elastic fibers that stretch from bone to bone

- external part of the capsule

84
Q

bursa

A

a lubricating device that cushions a tendon as it crosses over bony or ligamentous surfaces

85
Q

tendon sheath

A

a tubular bursa sac that surrounds a tendon over part of its length

86
Q

articular disc

A

attached firmly to the fibrous joint capsule

- covered w/ synovial fluid

anp402 (19 decks)

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