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ANP402 > 5 LE Osseous Anatomy > Flashcards

5 LE Osseous Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

lower extremity is made up of:

A

pelvic girdle

lower limb

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2
Q

pelvic girdle (bony pelvis) bones

A

sacrum

hip bones

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3
Q

thigh bones

A

femur

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4
Q

lower leg bones

A

tibia

fibia

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5
Q

foot bones

A

tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges

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6
Q

pelvic girdle FCN

A

(1) weight being, force transmitted from trunk to femur or 1-3
(2) force transmission LE to axial
(3) movement

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7
Q

bipedal animals (human) center of gravity

A

along the spine due to diagonal femur

  • re-centers support of trunk
  • makes standing erect more efficient
  • enables bipedal walking + standing on 1 leg
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8
Q

pubic rami FCN

A

forms strut to maintain integrity and support of arch

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9
Q

sacrum

A

fusion of 5 vertebrae (S1 - S5)

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10
Q

coccyx

A

fusion of 4 vertebrae

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11
Q

bones of the hip bones (os coxae)

A

ilium
ischium
pubis

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12
Q

fusion of hip bones begins at

A

15-17 years of age

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13
Q

fusion of hip bones ends at

A

20-25 y`ears of age

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14
Q

acetabulum

A

(os coxae) socket for head of femur

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15
Q

obturator foramen

A

(os coxae) large passageway covered by tendinous membrane

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16
Q

features of the ilium

A

body
spines (4)
auricular surface
greater sciatic notch

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17
Q

spines of the ilium

A

(1) anterior superior iliac spine ASIS
(2) anterior inferior iliac spine AIIS
(3) posterior superior iliac spine PSIS
(4) posterior inferior iliac spine PIIS

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18
Q

auricular surface

A

where sacrum comes in

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19
Q

features of the ischium

A 
body
ramus
ischial spine
ischial tuberosity
lesser sciatic notch
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20
Q

features of the pubis

A 
body
rami (superior / inferior)
pubic crest
pubic tubercle
symphysial surface
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21
Q

pelvic fracture

A

fracture from direct trauma or force transmitted from fall on feet
- common in elderly, esp. due to osteoporosis + brittle bones

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22
Q

statistics of elderly healing from pelvic fractures

A

1/3 recover
1/3 recover but w/ problems
1/3 die due to infection

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23
Q

pelvic girdle articulations (5)

A 
lumbosacral
sacrococcygeal
sacroiliac
pubic symphysis
coxal
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24
Q

pelvic ligaments

A

(1) supraspinous + anterior longitudinal (ALL)
(2) iliolumbar
(3) anterior/posterior sacroiliac
(4) anterior/posterior sacrococcygeal
(5) superior/inferior (arcuate) pubic
(6) obturator membrane
(7) sacrotuberous ligament
(8) sacrospinous ligament

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25
Q

sacrotuberous ligament

A

connects to ischial tuberosity

  • creates sciotic foramen
  • criss-crosses w/ sacrospinous ligament
  • anchors pelvis
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26
Q

sacrospinous ligament

A

connects to ischial spine

  • divides sciotic foramen into greater + lesser
  • criss-crosses w/ sacrotuberous ligament
  • anchors pelvis
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27
Q

why is sacrum tilted?

A

in order to transmit force from harsh landing from a jump
- the tilt rotates sacrum anteriorly but sacrospinous + sacrotuberous ligaments resist and prevent upward movement and anterior rotation

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28
Q

pregnancy + pelvic ligaments

A

increase relaxon (a hormone) in latter half of pregnancy allows pubic ligament to relax, increases movement @ pelvic joints esp. sacroiliac + pubic symphysis

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29
Q

spondylolysis

A

defect or fracture in neural or vertebral arch of the pelvis

  • can be congenital or from athletic injury (stress fracture)
  • often L5 / S1 area
30
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

anterior displacement of lumbar vertebrae (L5)

  • pelvic injury
  • may result in compression of spinal nerve
31
Q

causes of spondylolisthesis

A

spondylolysis
arthritis
loss of elasticity

32
Q

spondylolisthesis may lead to

A

numbness + back pain
tightness of hamstring
increase size of pelvic inlet (esp. preggo problems during childbirth)

33
Q

femur

A

(thigh) longest y heaviest bone in body
- length = 25% of height
- 2 different epiphyseal plate closures

34
Q

femur epiphyseal plate closures

A

proximal end (hip) = 14 - 16 years

distal end (knee) = 18 - 22 years

35
Q

weak areas of the pelvis:

A

pubic rami
acetabulum
sacral iliac joint
alae (flared wings) of ilium

36
Q

straddle injury

A

pubic rami injury due to rushing from front

37
Q

acetabulum injury

A

fall on feet from a large height

38
Q

anterior features of the femur

A 
head w/ fovea
neck
greater/lesser trochanter
intertrochanteric line
adductor tubercle
lateral/medial epicondyles
lateral/medial condyles
39
Q

posterior features of the femur

A

intertrochanteric crest
linea aspera
intercondylar fossa

40
Q

broken hip

A

broken neck of the femur

- most commonly fractured in those > 60 years b/c narrowest/weakest of bone

41
Q

ligaments of the femur

A

iliofemoral
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral

**unwind and wind depending on motion

IPI

42
Q

FCN of femur ligaments

A

stabilize head of femur in acetabulum

43
Q

tibia

A

medial, larger bone in the lower leg

44
Q

tibia articulations

A

(1) femur
(2) talus
(3) fibula

FTF

45
Q

tibia epiphyseal plate closure

A

proximal end (knee) @ 23 years

distal end (ankle) around 18 years

**growth @ knee ends last

46
Q

features of the tibia

A 
anterior crest
medial/lateral condyles
intercondylar eminence
tibial tuberosity
medial malleous
47
Q

Osgood-Schlatter disease

A

quadricep tendon pulls away from bone @ tibial tuberosity

  • occurs in children, esp. around puberty, who run run/bend/jump a lot
  • causes pain + swelling
  • disappears after stop growing
48
Q

Osgood-Schlatter disease results in

A

larger tibial tuberosity b/c ligament pulls away which triggers growth

49
Q

treatment for Osgood-Schlatter disease

A

take stress off by wearing band/strap around area to distribute force + tack down band ligament
- prevents ligament from pulling away from tibial tuberosity

50
Q

fibula

A

lateral bone of lower leg

- most slender of long bones

51
Q

fibula articulations (2)

A

(1) tibia
(2) talus

**no touch femur

52
Q

fibula FCN (3)

A

(1) muscle/ligament attachment
(2) stabilize ankle

  • *not weight-bearing b/c no touch femur
  • *not necessary for walking
53
Q

weight-bearing bones

A

must articulate w/ femur

54
Q

features of the fibula

A

head (bumpy)
shaft
lateral malleous (smooth)

55
Q

patella

A

“kneecap”

largest sesamoid bone
- develops in tendon of quadriceps

56
Q

patella FCN (2)

A

(1) increase leverage on tendon

(2) maintain tendon position during flexion

57
Q

features of the patella

A

base
apex
lateral facet (larger)
medial facet (smaller)

58
Q

determining R/L patella

A

lateral facet (larger side) on the right side of the right patella

59
Q

tarsals

A

ankle bones

  • gliding surface (intertarsal)
  • give flexibility
  • joined by complex array of intertarsal ligaments named by bones connected
60
Q

tarsal bones (7)

A 
talus
calcaneus
navicular
cuboid
medial cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
lateral cuneiform

The Coconut Never Curses Me (C) In (C) Latin (C)

61
Q

talus

A

located on anterior foot

  • only tarsal bone to articulate /w tibia + fibula
  • no muscle or tendon attachements
  • features: head, body, trochlea

**foot bone that projects out in ballerinas (by the ankle)

62
Q

calcaneus

A

longest + strongest tarsal bone (medial)

  • articulates w/ talus + cuboid
  • sustentaculum tali (supports talar head)
  • calcaneal tuberosity

**heal of foot

63
Q

navicular

A

tarsal bone (medial)

  • located between talus + cuneiforms
  • navicular tuberosity
64
Q

cuboid

A 
tarsal bone (lateral)
- tuberosity
65
Q

cuneiform (3)

A 
tarsal bone (middle of foot)
- articulates w/ navicular + metatarsals 1-3

medial cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
lateral cuneiform

66
Q

metatarsals

A

miniature long bones of the foot

  • numbered 1-5 from medial to lateral (big toe = #1)
  • closely bound by 2 ligaments
67
Q

metatarsal ligaments

A

metatarsal ligaments

plantar ligaments

68
Q

hallax

A

big toe

69
Q

parts of the metatarsals

A

base (proximal) - tuberosity on MT#5
shaft
head (distal) - sesamoid bones on MT#1

70
Q

phalanges

A

“toes”

minature long bones w/ base, shaft, head
- 14 total (3 each except big toe)

**middle/distal phalanges #5 (pinky toe) fuse in old age

71
Q

terminal phalanx on each digit

A

smallest phalanx

- dorsally flattened (nail bed)

ANP402 (19 decks)

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