425 Terms for AP Test Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
Attribution Theory –
A
– tendency to give explanations for someone’s behavior, often by
crediting situation or person’s disposition
2
Q
Fundamental Attribution Thy
A
– tendency to overestimate the impact of person’s
disposition and underestimate impact of situation
3
Q
Foot-in-the-Door Phem
A
tendency to apply w/ larger requests after responding to a
smaller request
4
Q
Zimbardo
A
Stanford Prison Experiment/Lucifer Effect
5
Q
Stanford Prison Experiment/Lucifer Effect
A
Role Playing: People take on
the role of what they feel are proper for the situation
6
Q
Cognitive Dissonance –
A
people change their behavior to avoid looking bad, ie
7
Q
Asch experiment
A
conformity – tendency to go along with the views and actions of others, even if
you know they are wrong – line test
8
Q
Milgram experiment
A
obedience – people tend to obey authority figures; 60% of participants
thought they delivered the max possible level of shock
9
Q
Social Facilitation
A
improved performance in presence of others; easy tasks get easier
as hard tasks get harder
10
Q
Social Loafing –
A
in the presence of others, people tend to do less, partly because they
believe others will do it
11
Q
Deindividualization
A
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint, typically in a sense of
anomie (mob situation)
12
Q
Group Polarization –
A
– if a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens prevailing
options and attitudes
13
Q
Groupthink
A
– a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-
making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives
14
Q
Just-World Phenomenon
A
tendency of people to believe that the world is just and
people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
15
Q
Social Traps
A
situation in which the confliction parties, by each rationally pursuing
their self-interests, become caught in mutually destructive beh.
16
Q
In-group
A
– people with whom one shares a common identity with
17
Q
Out-group –
A
those perceived as different from themselves
18
Q
Hindsight Bias
A
tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have
predicted it beforehand and may contribute to blaming the victim and forming
prejudices against him/her
19
Q
Prejudice
A
unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members
20
Q
Mere exposure effect
A
the mere exposure to a stimulus will increase the liking of it
21
Q
Altruism
A
unselfish regard for the welfare to others
22
Q
Bystander effect
A
tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other
bystanders are present
23
Q
Reciprocity Norms
A
the expectation that we should return help, not harm to those who
have helped us
24
Q
Biological
A
explore the links between brain and mind
25
Cognitive
study how we perceive, thinks, and solve problems
26
Humanistic
study that says that humans are basically good and possess a free-will
27
Behavioral
study that says all beh is observable and measurable
28
Psychoanalytic
study of the unconscious, includes childhood and aggression issues
29
Sociocultural
study of how cultural and political experiences affect our life
30
Evolutionary
study of the evolutionary of humans over time (from apes)
31
Developmental
study of our changing abilities from womb to tomb
32
Sigmund Freud
founder of psychoanalysis
33
Psychoanalytic Theory
all behavior is meaningful and driven by unconscious forces
34
Applied Research
aims to solve practical problems
35
Basic Research
– pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
36
Hypothesis
is a testable prediction, often induced by a thy, to enable us to accept,
reject, or revise the thy (educational guess)
37
IV
–a factor, manipulated by the experimenter, and whose effect is studies
38
DV
a factor that may change in response to the IV
39
Theory
is an explanation that integrates principles, organizes, and predicts beh or
event
40
Operational definition
a clear statement of what one is looking for in an experiment
41
Reliability
it is replicable and is consistent
42
Validity
it measures what you want it to be measured
43
Sampling
process by which participants are selected
44
Population
– the number of participants that can be selected for the sample
45
Representative sample
take the results from a smaller group and apply that to a larger
group of people
46
Random sample
everyone has an equal chance of being selected for the experiment
because the participants are chosen at random
47
Control
– group that does not take part in the critical part of the experimentation
process, used as a comparison group
48
Experimenter bias
the experimenter, either unconsciously or consciously, affects the
outcome of the experiment
49
Single-blind procedure
the subjects do not know to what group they belong
50
Double-blind procedure
neither the experimenter nor the subject knows to what
group the subjects are in
51
Hawthorne effect
if you know you’re being studied, you will act differently than you
normally/typically would
52
Placebo
something administered that has no real affect on the person
other than what they think mentally
53
Positive correlation –
as one goes up, the other goes up
54
Negative correlation
as one goes up, the other goes down
55
Survey
– a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions, or beh of
people in a questionnaire, or similar way of ascertaining information
56
Naturalistic observation
observing and recording beh in the wild/natural environment
57
Case study
get a full, detailed picture of one participant or a small group of
participants
58
Standard Deviation
the average distance of scores around the mean
59
z-score
a type of standard score that tells us how many standard deviation units a
given score is above or below the mean for that group
60
Myelin Sheath
a fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds the
neural impulse
61
Axon
wire-like structure ending in the terminal that extends from the cell body
62
Neurons
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
63
Sensory Neurons (afferent)
– neurons that carry incoming information from the sense
receptors (nose, ears, hands) to the central nervous system
64
Interneuron
central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and
intervene between the sensory inputs and the motor outputs
65
Motor Neurons (efferent)
neurons that carry incoming information from the central
nervous system to the muscles and glands
66
Neurotransmitters
chemical contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to
communicate; they fit into the receptor site of neurons like a key fits into a lock
67
Agonist
– excite, by causing neurotransmitters to hit site multiple times
68
Antagonists
inhibits, by blocking neurotransmitters
69
CNS (central nervous system)
the brain and spinal cord
70
peripheral nervous system
sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
71
Somatic NS
the division of the PNS that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
72
Autonomic NS
the part of the PNS that controls the glands and muscles of the internal
organs, like the heart
73
Sympathetic NS
arouses the body
74
Parasympathetic NS
calms the body
75
Pituitary gland
the endocrine system’s most influential gland, under the influence of
the hypothalamus, this regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
76
EEG
an amplified recording of waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s
surface, these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the skull
77
PET
– a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose
goes while the brain performs a certain task
78
MRI
– a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce a computer
generated image that distinguishes between the types of soft tissue in the brain
79
Medulla
– connected to the base of the brain stem, controls our blood pressure, heart
rate, and breathing
80
Reticular Formation
screens incoming info, and filters out irrelevant info, controls
arousal and attention
81
Thalamus
the brains sensory switchboard
82
Cerebellum
– the little brain attached to the rear of the brain stem, controls
coordination, fire muscles movements and balance
82
Pons
above the medulla, makes chemicals involved w/ sleep & facial expressions
83
Limbic System
associated with emotions like aggression and fear and drives such as
hunger and thirst and sex (Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, and Amygdala)
84
Amygdala
part of the limbic system that is involved in emotions, aggression, and fear
85
Hypothalamus
controls the metabolic functions of body temp, sex arousal, hunger,
thirst, motivation/emotions, and the endocrine system ➔ the 4 f’s
86
Hippocampus
part of the limbic system involved in learning and memory
87
Temporal Lobe
at side of brain above ears involved in memory, perception, hearing
88
Occipital Lobe
lower back part of brain involved with processing visual info → vision
89
Peripheral Lobe
top of brain, discriminates between textures and shapes
90
Frontal Lobe
located under forehead, involved with complex cognitive functions
91
William Penfield
studied the effects of stimulation on the motor cortex
92
Phineas Gage
first lobotomy after a rod goes through his head; gives psych info on
part of brain involved w/ emotions and reasoning
93
Broca’s Area
– directs muscle movements involved with speech
94
Wernicke’s Area
involved in language comprehension
95
Plasticity
brain’s ability to modify itself after some kind of injury/illness
96
Split Brain
corpus callosum cut, not allowing info to travel to other side of brain
97
Corpus Callosum
responsible for higher thinking function, connects two sides of brain
98
Left Hemi
logical, sequential tasks, solving math problems, verbal ➔ logical
99
Right Hemi
facial recognition, puzzle solver, emotional, artistic ➔ creative
100
Sensory Cortex
receives info from skin surface and sense organs
101
Motor Cortex
controls voluntary movements, on opposite side of body
102
Hindbrain
lower brain, located at rear base of skull, responsible for reflexive or
automatic behaviors
103
Forebrain
largest part of brain that controls what we think of as thoughts and reasons
104
Midbrain
located above Pons, integrates and relay sensory info to main part of brain
105
Depolarization
this occurs when positive ions enter the neuron, making it susceptible
to fire an action potential
106
Refractory Period
after a neuron has fired an action potential, it pauses for a short
period to recharge, until it will fire again
107
Threshold
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
108
Action Potential
– a neural impulse that travels down the axon → domino effect
109
All-or-none
– when the depolarized current exceeds the threshold of a neuron, it will
fire unless it’s below, causing is not to fire
110
Reuptake
neurotransmitters that can’t find an area across the synapse to attach will be
reabsorbed by the sending neuron
111
Acetylcholine
activates motor neurons and skeletal muscles,
too little = Alzheimer’s
112
Dopamine
contributes to voluntary movements and pleasurable emotions,
lack of it
causes Parkinson’s as
too much causes schizophrenia
113
Endorphins
natural pain killers created by brain, promotes pain relief, like morphine
114
Serotonin
involved in mood, regulation of sleep, appetite, and body temperature,
to little leads to depression as
too much contributes to OCD and mania
115
Norepinephrine
affects memory, learning, and contributes to changes in mood,
undersupply leads to depression
116
Top-down Processing
info processed guided by higher level mental processes,
recognizing face & T/-\E C/-\T
(I read ‘the cat’, no thinking)
117
Bottom-up Processing
analysis of the stimulus begins w/ the sense receptor and work
up to brain, /-\ (I see something, oh it’s an A)
118
just noticeable difference
minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 % of the time
119
olfaction
smelling
120
coctail party affect
focus of attention on selected aspects of the environment
121
retinal disparity
comparing the information from each eyeball, the greater difference between the two images means they are closer
122
transduction
the conversation of one form of energy into another
translates the incoming stimuli into a neural signal
123
retina
process visual info into neural impulses
124
cornea
protects and bends incoming light rayss/focuses
125
lens
focus light rays on retina (accommodation
126
iris
controls pupils eye size
127
fovea
central point (cones) and see color
128
pupil
adjusts opening to let in light
129
blind spot
point at hich there are no rods/cones
130
optic nerve
carries neural impulse to the brain
131
rods
detect black, white, and gray
peripheral and night vision
132
cones
detect color, fine detai
located in fovea
133
parallel processing
processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously
134
opponent process theory
sensory receptors arranged in the retina come in pairs (red/greem, yellow/blue, black/white)
135
afterimage
the firing of cones used after viewing something steadily
136
visual cliff
process to tell if a baby has a sense of deptj
137
intensity
loudness, measured in decibels
138
frequency
pitch, tone's highness/lowness
139
outer ear
sound waves colected
source -> canal -> eardrum
140
middle ear
transmits and amplifies the vibration
hammer -> anvil -> stirrup -> oval window
141
inner ear
change to neural impulse
cochlea -> auditory nerve -> brain
142
eardrum
thin membrane that vibrates when hit
143
chochlea
snail shaped membrane filled w/ fluid that changes vibration to an electric symbol
144
sensory deprivation
if one sense is deprived, another will become stronger
145
sensory adaption
after a while of constant stimulation, will stop detecting sense
146
146
vestibular sense
sense of body position and movement, balance
147
perceptual sense
a mental predisposition to see one thing rather than another
148
gestalt
an organized whole, put all individual pieces together to get big picture
proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, constancy
149
proximity
objects that are close together are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group
150
similarity
objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group
151
continuity
objects that form a continuous form are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group
152
closure
objects that make up a recognizable image are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group
153
constancy
objects with similar size, shape, and brightness are considered a set
154
metacognition
gain ability to think about the way you think
self evaluation
155
pavlov
founder of classical conditioning while trying to study digestive system
156
classical conditioning
learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli
157
neutral stimuli
stimuli that does not trigger a reponse
158
ucs/unconditioned stimuli
stimuli that automatically triggers a response
159
cs/conditioned stimuli
after association with UCS, elicits a certain response
159
ucr/unconditioned response
an unlearned, natural response to UCS
160
CR/conditioned response
learned response to a previously neural response
